39 Carbohydrates.p65
... and in fungal cells and can be broken down to release glucose. The structure of glycogen allows faster hydrolysis than starch which is important as animals may need emergency glucose faster than plants. ...
... and in fungal cells and can be broken down to release glucose. The structure of glycogen allows faster hydrolysis than starch which is important as animals may need emergency glucose faster than plants. ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt ...
... • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt ...
Production of lactic acid
... Well, it depends on your circumstance and goals. Most of us are non-competitive or non-elite active individuals, who just want to exercise to gain health benefits, feel good and possibly lose weight. Aerobic exercise conditions enable you to exercise for long periods of time, potentially benefiting ...
... Well, it depends on your circumstance and goals. Most of us are non-competitive or non-elite active individuals, who just want to exercise to gain health benefits, feel good and possibly lose weight. Aerobic exercise conditions enable you to exercise for long periods of time, potentially benefiting ...
LB Fat metabolism A
... -Complete oxidation of fatty acids yields ~9 kCal/g, where as, proteins and carbohydrates yield ~4 kCal/g. An average 70 kg man: ...
... -Complete oxidation of fatty acids yields ~9 kCal/g, where as, proteins and carbohydrates yield ~4 kCal/g. An average 70 kg man: ...
Lecture_3_17012017
... 1. The quantity of enzyme present can be regulated at the level of gene transcription. ...
... 1. The quantity of enzyme present can be regulated at the level of gene transcription. ...
Carbs Review
... Why did scientists name the sugars “carbohydrates?” Carbo = carbon Hydrate = 2:1 ratio of H:O just like a water molecule ...
... Why did scientists name the sugars “carbohydrates?” Carbo = carbon Hydrate = 2:1 ratio of H:O just like a water molecule ...
Chapter 8 Enzymes: basic concepts and kinetics
... photosynthesis (conversion of energy-poor molecules like CO2 into energy-rich molecules like fatty acids and sugars). • Oxidation of compounds (foodstuffs): chemotrophs oxidize (carbon) compounds. Foodstuffs are generated by phototrophs. ...
... photosynthesis (conversion of energy-poor molecules like CO2 into energy-rich molecules like fatty acids and sugars). • Oxidation of compounds (foodstuffs): chemotrophs oxidize (carbon) compounds. Foodstuffs are generated by phototrophs. ...
Final Exam Study Guide: Chapter 16: Citric Acid Cycle
... Write the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and provide the formulas of the reactants and the products of this reaction. ...
... Write the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction and provide the formulas of the reactants and the products of this reaction. ...
Chapter 4 Outline
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
notes File - selu moodle
... Hydroxyl (polar, found in all macromolecules, can hydrogen bond) Carbonyl (polar, found in carbs and nucleic acids, can hydrogen bond) Carboxyl (polar, found in proteins and lipids, acidic) Amino (polar, found in proteins and nucleic acids, weak base) Sulfhydryl (found in proteins, stabilizes them) ...
... Hydroxyl (polar, found in all macromolecules, can hydrogen bond) Carbonyl (polar, found in carbs and nucleic acids, can hydrogen bond) Carboxyl (polar, found in proteins and lipids, acidic) Amino (polar, found in proteins and nucleic acids, weak base) Sulfhydryl (found in proteins, stabilizes them) ...
CHAPTER 4: CELLULAR METABOLISM
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
coupling membrane
... NADH and succinate) in citric acid cycle 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) ...
... NADH and succinate) in citric acid cycle 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) ...
Cellular Respiration: Supplying Energy to Metabolic Reactions
... In anaerobic respiration oxygen is not available to drive the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain. * Instead the cell enters either a lactic acid or alcohol fermentation stage. * Essentially this pathway provides a way to metabolise the pyruvate and recycle the NADH/NAD+ that was produced by gl ...
... In anaerobic respiration oxygen is not available to drive the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain. * Instead the cell enters either a lactic acid or alcohol fermentation stage. * Essentially this pathway provides a way to metabolise the pyruvate and recycle the NADH/NAD+ that was produced by gl ...
Lipid Synthesis 1. Fatty acid synthesis
... path is required to generate AcCoA from citrate. This involves ATP-citrate lyase and proceeds because of the involvement of ATP hydrolysis which provides the necessary energy. ATP-citrate lyase citrate + CoASH Acetyl-CoA + OAA ATP ...
... path is required to generate AcCoA from citrate. This involves ATP-citrate lyase and proceeds because of the involvement of ATP hydrolysis which provides the necessary energy. ATP-citrate lyase citrate + CoASH Acetyl-CoA + OAA ATP ...
File
... By changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction By increasing the amount of free energy in a reaction ...
... By changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction By increasing the amount of free energy in a reaction ...
Intro to Biology Vocab only
... All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes ...
... All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes ...
HB Cell Respiration Questions
... folding of the inner membranes creates many sites where these reactions can occur. A specific enzyme speeds up each reaction. Cellular respiration is just one chemical process that takes place in cells. All of the chemical processes in a cell make up the cell’s metabolism. Cellular respiration has t ...
... folding of the inner membranes creates many sites where these reactions can occur. A specific enzyme speeds up each reaction. Cellular respiration is just one chemical process that takes place in cells. All of the chemical processes in a cell make up the cell’s metabolism. Cellular respiration has t ...
Standard Gibbs Free Energy Changes of Enzyme Reactions in
... Gibbs free energies of functional groups in aqueous solution were also taken from [3]. According to Mavrovouniotis's method[4], we then calculated the standard Gibbs free energy changes of 215 enzyme reactions taken from the ENZYME section of the LIGAND database, using the Gibbs free energies of the ...
... Gibbs free energies of functional groups in aqueous solution were also taken from [3]. According to Mavrovouniotis's method[4], we then calculated the standard Gibbs free energy changes of 215 enzyme reactions taken from the ENZYME section of the LIGAND database, using the Gibbs free energies of the ...
Chapter 9
... 47) The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. B) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. C) the final transfer of electrons to oxyg ...
... 47) The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. B) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. C) the final transfer of electrons to oxyg ...
Feb 24 exam all parts
... Which of the following properties is directly related to the concentration of 5'-AMP as an indicator of energy status ? A) 5'-AMP level is correlated with high [ATP] B) 5'-AMP level is correlated with [ADP] C) 5'-AMP level is controlled by external hormones D) 5'-AMP level is controlled by phosphofr ...
... Which of the following properties is directly related to the concentration of 5'-AMP as an indicator of energy status ? A) 5'-AMP level is correlated with high [ATP] B) 5'-AMP level is correlated with [ADP] C) 5'-AMP level is controlled by external hormones D) 5'-AMP level is controlled by phosphofr ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑