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Evolution by Natural Selection Evolution by Natural Selection
Evolution by Natural Selection Evolution by Natural Selection

... pass on their favorable characteristics to their offspring. As the frequency of these characteristics increases in the population, the nature of the population as a whole will gradually change.” ...
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... given environment, gives that organism a greater chance of passing on all of its genes to the next generation (compared with those of its fellows which don’t have it). Over succeeding generations that trait or character has a good chance of becoming more widespread in that population. Such an improv ...
File
File

... B. A flock of geese becomes isolated on an island, and over time, the population begins to exhibit new characteristics. C. Some individuals in a flock of geese have genes that are more advantageous, and over time, the numbers of these geese increase. D. A flock of migrating geese loses its way to it ...
Darwin and Evolution
Darwin and Evolution

... scientists to determine whether evolution has occurred. Any changes in the gene frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The law essentially states that if no evolution is occurring, then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexu ...
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... anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection. Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, ...
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EVOLUTION
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Evolution 2
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... c. Only mutations in reproductive cells are passed to offspring. d. Many mutations are neutral, some are deadly; a few are beneficial. D. Natural selection’s role in microevolution occurs when members of a population have genetic traits that improve their ability to survive and produce offspring wit ...
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Evolution ppt notes_COMPLETE PACKET
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... What if the environment changes? If they _____ _______ have the traits (genes) that enable them to survive…they die, and ___ ______ reproduce.  If they do have the traits, then they ____________…and reproduce.  SO… the next generation has ____________ of the “fit” traits for _____________ environm ...
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Evolution PREAP 2015

...  Can be either physical or behavioral.  Animals have evolved their adaptations.  A long period of slow change resulted in an animal’s adaptations.  Example: The spots on the snow leopard did not emerge overnight. Instead, this process took generation upon generation of snow leopards physically a ...
A. Darwinian
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... _____ Birds with bigger, thicker beaks can feed more easily on larger, harder seeds. A food shortage causes the supply of small and medium seeds to run low, leaving only larger seeds. Birds with bigger beaks show greater fitness than birds with medium or small beaks. Over time more birds with bigger ...
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Can the fruit-flies from your kitchen teach us why we age?

... rarely found among wild animals. And despite ageing being a nearly universal phenomenon across nature, there are notable exceptions with organisms which are considered practically immortal. Although recent advances in biology explain the mechanisms that lead to ageing, the question 'why do we age' i ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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