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Descent with Modification
Descent with Modification

... • Survival depends on expression of inherited traits • Certain inherited traits will increase an organism’s survival • Individuals with these traits: • Have a high probability of surviving • More likely to leave more offspring ...
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L1: Descent with Modification

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Lecture 4 Genetics in Mendelian Populations I

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Chapter 13: The Theory of Evolution

... If species have changed over time as the fossil record indicates, then the genes that determine those species’ characteristics should also have changed by either mutation or selection It has been shown that species who are thought to have a more recent common ancestor share a more similar amino acid ...
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Unit 8: Evolution - Sonoma Valley High School
Unit 8: Evolution - Sonoma Valley High School

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Lecture 4 Genetics in Mendelian Populations I
Lecture 4 Genetics in Mendelian Populations I

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EVOLUTION- change in species over time

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A. Darwinian - cloudfront.net

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The Environment and Change Over Time

... Species produces more offspring than will survive 2. Genetic Variation Offspring have different traits Some traits increase chances of survival 3. Competition Offspring fight for food, water, and other resources Some become prey The fittest survive to adulthood 4. Selection Offspring better adapted ...
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10 Real World Examples of Natural Selection

... about 9 percent of our genes are undergoing rapid evolution as we speak. The genes most affected by natural selection are those involving the immune system, sexual reproduction and sensory perception. Lactose intolerance is one example of natural selection. We are the only species that doesn't becom ...
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Mr. Ramos Evolution Study Guide Students, here is a study guide for

... ‘you cannot get order and complexity from random chaos alone’ Keep in mind that evolution was thought to occur because of random mutations. So how could these random mutations lead to such beautiful organisms on Earth with their complex structures? Charles Darwin realized that such order can occur i ...
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The Organization of Life Section 2 Nature Selects

... Evolution by Natural Selection • Natural selection is the process by which individuals that have favorable variations and are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do. • Darwin proposed that over many generations, natural selec ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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