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... 17. What is gene flow? Give an example of it. Migration of genes from one place to another. 18. In general, what is genetic drift and how does it lead to evolution? Gene frequency that changes by chance. 19. Compare genetic drift with natural selection in terms of how each leads to evolution. Both s ...
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Darwin and Evolution

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Okami Study Guide
Okami Study Guide

... Evolution is both fact and theory. The fact of organic and geological evolution is accepted by virtually all scientists working in the life sciences. However, theories about how evolution occurs are often debated. The theory of natural selection as described by Charles Darwin is the most plausible t ...
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Evolution: Natural Selection & Adaptation

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... and improved infrastructure, many populations around the world have gone through something called the 'demographic transition'. Infants becoming more likely to survive to adulthood, adults living longer, and a reduction in fertility rates characterize this phenomenon. However, natural selection requ ...
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... a. Measurements of beak thickness that changed through time among the medium ground finch indicate the thicker-beaked individuals had greater reproductive success during droughts. 3. Natural selection, through the use of antibiotics by humans, is responsible for the increased number of antibiotic-re ...
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... 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. ...
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...  Adaptations are the result of natural selection. The most suitable traits being successfully passed on for many, many generations.  These suitable traits in a population are what scientists refer to as an adaptation. ...
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... country only in relation to the degree of perfection of their associates” (Charles Darwin). During the twentieth century, genetics was integrated with Darwin’s mechanism, allowing us to evaluate natural selection as the differential survival and reproduction of genotypes, corresponding to particular ...
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Natural Selection

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Study Questions for Exam 1 Biology 354 Lecture 1: Natural selection

... Big billed birds seemingly survived better, presumably because they were better able to eat large seeds during the drought. A recent study measured biting strength of these finches. Predict whether and bite strength increased with bill size. What appears to be the developmental basis for differences ...
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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