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lecture_ch08_clickers
lecture_ch08_clickers

... natural selection can adapt organisms to them. 2. All possible alleles are not produced by mutation. 3. There is not always a single optimum adaptation for an environment. ...
Natural Selection is not an Invisible Hand
Natural Selection is not an Invisible Hand

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File - Watt On Earth

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Chapter 23 Presentation-The Evolution of Populations

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evolution - Laurel County Schools

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L567 Evolution 2006 - Indiana University Bloomington

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Ch 15 Notes Teacher
Ch 15 Notes Teacher

... • Darwin hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species. • Darwin inferred that if humans could change species by artificial selection – directed breeding to produce offspring with desired traits, then perhaps the same process could work in nature. • ...
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... population means that some will have the combination of genes needed to survive in almost any set of new circumstances. Populations showing little individual variation are vulnerable to new diseases and climate change. It is also important that a species adapts to changes resulting from the evolutio ...
APLAP3-2SPRING2005
APLAP3-2SPRING2005

... evolutionary change. 13. Explain how an essay by the Rev. Thomas Malthus influenced Charles Darwin. 14. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection. 15. Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve. 16. Using some contemporary examples, explain how natural selec ...
pdf - Angelo State University
pdf - Angelo State University

... independent modules whose expression can  be activated in a new location.  a.  Gecko have setae on the  ventral surface of their toepads that permit climbing.  b.  An unusual gecko species has  developed these toepads on the ventral surface of their tail as  ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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