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Multilevel Selection Theory and Major Evolutionary Transitions
Multilevel Selection Theory and Major Evolutionary Transitions

... (Williams 1966). First, higher-level entities such as social groups can evolve into adaptive units, but only by a process of higher-level selection. For example, an altruistic behavior that benefits others at the expense of the self is selectively disadvantageous within groups. However, if there are ...
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... John Dupré draws out attention to microbes, and I’d like to link some of those comments to the suggestions made by Karola. For example, the “problem” of multi-cellularity is usually understood to be about how cells learn to get along, and the answer is generally assumed to have something to do with ...
BIOR4S : Grade 12 Biology Course Outline
BIOR4S : Grade 12 Biology Course Outline

... evolution by natural selection.  Ideas: the voyage of the Beagle, his observations of  South American fossils, the impact of the Galapagos Islands on his thinking. the work of  other scientists.       Outline the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.  Terms:  overproduct ...
Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change
Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change

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Evolution final project
Evolution final project

... Types of Selection: Includes a small diagram/graph of the type of selection next to the trait with a brief clear and accurate description. More than 1 type is included. Phylogenetic Tree: Includes a cladogram illustrating the organism’s history of descendants (at least 5) with shared derived charact ...
Evidence for evolution - Plattsburgh State Faculty and
Evidence for evolution - Plattsburgh State Faculty and

... Darwin proposed evolution was the inevitable outcome of 4 postulates: ...
evolution by natural selection
evolution by natural selection

... These images were made available by the Royal Holloway, University of London on Jan. 17, 2012 . and were collected by Charles Darwin during the course of his famous "Voyage of the Beagle." (University of London, Kevin D'Souza ...
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Evolution and Biodiversity - Environmental

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Chapter 3 The Development of Behavior: A Focus on Heredity

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10.3 Theory of Natural Selection

... • Artificial selection is the process by which humans select traits through breeding. ...
The emperor’s new paradigm - Budapest University of
The emperor’s new paradigm - Budapest University of

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1 The weather on Earth suddenly changes and temperatures in the

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Evolution Extra Credit - Red Hook Central Schools
Evolution Extra Credit - Red Hook Central Schools

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organic evolution - Sakshieducation.com
organic evolution - Sakshieducation.com

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Populations - George Mason University
Populations - George Mason University

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... are slightly different from one another and this difference is in their genes.  This variation makes it more likely that at least some will survive a sudden catastrophic change or even a series of small changes. Over time this can lead to change in species…aka...evolution.  Sexual Reproduction add ...
EVOLUTION UNIT 7A Part 1 of 2
EVOLUTION UNIT 7A Part 1 of 2

... populations? Why don’t dominants simply drive out recessives? Ex: Brachydactylism is caused by a dominant allele, so why don’t ...
Biology Midterm Review 2013
Biology Midterm Review 2013

... traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits. Darwin called this differential rate of reproduction natural selection. In time, the number of individuals that carry favorable characteristics that are ...
Evolution - George Mason University
Evolution - George Mason University

... theory of evolution that includes genetics, developed in early 1940s focuses on populations as units of evolution includes most of Darwin’s ideas melds population genetics with the theory of natural selection requires an understanding of relationship between populations and species • sexual species ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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