Prions as protein-based genetic elements. - Lindquist Lab
... cell’s phenotype. The altered phenotypes are propagated from generation to generation as the protein in the prion state is transferred from mother to daughter cell, continuing the cycle of conformational conversion. Thus, yeast prions act as heritable protein-based genetic elements that cause biolog ...
... cell’s phenotype. The altered phenotypes are propagated from generation to generation as the protein in the prion state is transferred from mother to daughter cell, continuing the cycle of conformational conversion. Thus, yeast prions act as heritable protein-based genetic elements that cause biolog ...
Structure of a Pheromone Receptor-Associated MHC Molecule with
... protein HFE [33], and MIC-A [34], MHC homologs that do not bind small molecule ligands, have collapsed grooves with a smaller separation between the a1–a2 domain helices [32–34]. A superposition of the a1–a2 platforms of M10.5, H-2Dd, FcRn, and HFE illustrates the variation in groove size (Figure 1C ...
... protein HFE [33], and MIC-A [34], MHC homologs that do not bind small molecule ligands, have collapsed grooves with a smaller separation between the a1–a2 domain helices [32–34]. A superposition of the a1–a2 platforms of M10.5, H-2Dd, FcRn, and HFE illustrates the variation in groove size (Figure 1C ...
SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION STUDY OF PHYSICAL MIXTURE OF CARBAMAZEPINE AND
... carrier out in CO2 free water distilled at a temperature 37 ± 0.5 ºC. Dissolution performed with USP dissolution apparatus II (paddle type) and stirred at a speed of 75 rpm for 60 minutes. Results: Solubility test of carbamazepine and carbamazepine physical mixture of amino acids CBZ-GLY, CBZ-ALA, a ...
... carrier out in CO2 free water distilled at a temperature 37 ± 0.5 ºC. Dissolution performed with USP dissolution apparatus II (paddle type) and stirred at a speed of 75 rpm for 60 minutes. Results: Solubility test of carbamazepine and carbamazepine physical mixture of amino acids CBZ-GLY, CBZ-ALA, a ...
The mechanism of Stx2 enrichment in outer membrane vesicles of
... environment. Since the majority of the time these microbes are living without a mammalian host, it is likely that Stx1 has a function not involved with mammalian pathogenesis. Specific Aim 1: Test the hypothesis that Shiga-like toxin 1 packaging into OMVs is both a selective process and is mediated ...
... environment. Since the majority of the time these microbes are living without a mammalian host, it is likely that Stx1 has a function not involved with mammalian pathogenesis. Specific Aim 1: Test the hypothesis that Shiga-like toxin 1 packaging into OMVs is both a selective process and is mediated ...
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Divisió de Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques Facultat de Biologia
... accrue more protein —in addition to much more fat— than control reference diet-fed animals (Esteve et al., 1992), and it has been generally assumed that this is may be due in part to the higher biological value of the protein of some components of the cafeteria diets. This study has been developed a ...
... accrue more protein —in addition to much more fat— than control reference diet-fed animals (Esteve et al., 1992), and it has been generally assumed that this is may be due in part to the higher biological value of the protein of some components of the cafeteria diets. This study has been developed a ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome-scale
... biochemical transformations occurring in cells in a stoichiometrically accurate manner. These reactions are distributed over seven intracellular compartments (i.e., cytoplasm, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, peroxisome, and nucleus). In addition, Recon 1 includes a r ...
... biochemical transformations occurring in cells in a stoichiometrically accurate manner. These reactions are distributed over seven intracellular compartments (i.e., cytoplasm, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, peroxisome, and nucleus). In addition, Recon 1 includes a r ...
BACILLUS SPHAERICUS TOXINS: Molecular Biology and Mode of
... The crystal toxin is composed of two proteins that are synthesized in equmolar amounts and assembled in crystal structures visible at about stage Ⅲ of sporulation (11, 49, 81). The proteins are designated as P51 and P42 on the basis of their predicted molecular masses of 51.4 and 41.9 kDa (5, 8, 9, ...
... The crystal toxin is composed of two proteins that are synthesized in equmolar amounts and assembled in crystal structures visible at about stage Ⅲ of sporulation (11, 49, 81). The proteins are designated as P51 and P42 on the basis of their predicted molecular masses of 51.4 and 41.9 kDa (5, 8, 9, ...
Viva Voce : Orals in Biochemistry
... All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to righ ...
... All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to righ ...
Single-Amino Acid Substitutions Alter the Specificity and Affinity of
... associated with the plasma membrane (4). Indeed, PDZ domain interactions appear to be a general mechanism for localizing membrane proteins to specific subcellular domains and for coupling them to proteins in signal transduction pathways. In many cases, when proteins containing PDZ † This work was su ...
... associated with the plasma membrane (4). Indeed, PDZ domain interactions appear to be a general mechanism for localizing membrane proteins to specific subcellular domains and for coupling them to proteins in signal transduction pathways. In many cases, when proteins containing PDZ † This work was su ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... surrounding the single Thr phosphorylation site in the EGFR peptide and the single Thr in the MBP peptide, verified the essential role of the proline at immediately COOH terminal to the phosphoacceptor site (50, 55, 84). However, this proline directedness is not sufficient to account for the high de ...
... surrounding the single Thr phosphorylation site in the EGFR peptide and the single Thr in the MBP peptide, verified the essential role of the proline at immediately COOH terminal to the phosphoacceptor site (50, 55, 84). However, this proline directedness is not sufficient to account for the high de ...
Alternative mRNA Splicing Generates the Two
... isolated from spinach and Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that the two polypeptides of rubisco activase arise from alternative splicing of a common pre-mRNA. In spinach, two 5’ splice sites are used in processing a single 137nucleotide intron near the 3‘ end of the primary transcript. This intron was ...
... isolated from spinach and Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that the two polypeptides of rubisco activase arise from alternative splicing of a common pre-mRNA. In spinach, two 5’ splice sites are used in processing a single 137nucleotide intron near the 3‘ end of the primary transcript. This intron was ...
Development, structure, and maintenance of C
... control by zygotically expressed genes (Baugh and Hunter, 2006). In the C and D lineages at least, pal-1 initially acts as a maternal factor for body wall muscle cell fate (Hunter and Kenyon, 1996; Edgar et al., 2001). pal-1 encodes a Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor (Hunter and Kenyon, ...
... control by zygotically expressed genes (Baugh and Hunter, 2006). In the C and D lineages at least, pal-1 initially acts as a maternal factor for body wall muscle cell fate (Hunter and Kenyon, 1996; Edgar et al., 2001). pal-1 encodes a Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor (Hunter and Kenyon, ...
The intercalated disc-associated Xin family of proteins in cardiac
... termini of cardiomyocytes. Classically, the functions assigned to ICDs include mechanical and electrical communication among adjacent cardiomyocytes. More recently, it has been increasingly realized that ICDs also function in signal transduction and regulation of the surface expression of ion channe ...
... termini of cardiomyocytes. Classically, the functions assigned to ICDs include mechanical and electrical communication among adjacent cardiomyocytes. More recently, it has been increasingly realized that ICDs also function in signal transduction and regulation of the surface expression of ion channe ...
Coordination of microtubule and microfilament dynamics by
... crosslinking antagonizes the formation of the dynamic subcortical microtubule arrays that are required for ooplasmic streaming (Fig. 5o-p). We propose that activated Rho1 transduces a signal during stages 8-10b that promotes the crosslinking activity of Capu and SpireC by preventing binding of Spire ...
... crosslinking antagonizes the formation of the dynamic subcortical microtubule arrays that are required for ooplasmic streaming (Fig. 5o-p). We propose that activated Rho1 transduces a signal during stages 8-10b that promotes the crosslinking activity of Capu and SpireC by preventing binding of Spire ...
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIRECT PHYSICAL CBP/p300
... Figure 5: Acetylation of E2A correlates with recruitment of CBP.................................. 54 Figure 6: Acetylation of E2A by purified CBP/p300 or p/CAF ...................................... 58 Figure 7: p/CAF interacts directly with E2A. ..................................................... ...
... Figure 5: Acetylation of E2A correlates with recruitment of CBP.................................. 54 Figure 6: Acetylation of E2A by purified CBP/p300 or p/CAF ...................................... 58 Figure 7: p/CAF interacts directly with E2A. ..................................................... ...
Engineering of Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in
... A Japanese scientist first discovered MSG in 1908, He observed that MSG is responsible for the characteristic flavour of kelp, which is a traditional Japanese dish; this taste is known as “Umami” in Japan (48). In recent years, special receptor proteins have been identified in the human tongue for s ...
... A Japanese scientist first discovered MSG in 1908, He observed that MSG is responsible for the characteristic flavour of kelp, which is a traditional Japanese dish; this taste is known as “Umami” in Japan (48). In recent years, special receptor proteins have been identified in the human tongue for s ...
Enzymes responsible for chlorate reduction by Pseudomonas sp
... While other chlorate respiring bacteria are known to constitutively express chlorite dismutase, no other bacterium is known to constitutively express both chlorite dismutase and chlorate reductase. In order to further examine this unique microorganism, we used native gel electrophoresis to isolate t ...
... While other chlorate respiring bacteria are known to constitutively express chlorite dismutase, no other bacterium is known to constitutively express both chlorite dismutase and chlorate reductase. In order to further examine this unique microorganism, we used native gel electrophoresis to isolate t ...
Interactions of TCA cycle enzymes and of the CcpA
... carbon sources and NADP . Excess of α-ketoglutarate can be applied to amino acid anabolism, since αketoglutarate is the precursor molecule of glutamate. No interaction was detected between Mdh and CitZ by SPR even in the presence of the corresponding metabolites. This result was surprising, because ...
... carbon sources and NADP . Excess of α-ketoglutarate can be applied to amino acid anabolism, since αketoglutarate is the precursor molecule of glutamate. No interaction was detected between Mdh and CitZ by SPR even in the presence of the corresponding metabolites. This result was surprising, because ...
Localization of retinitis pigmentosa 2 to cilia is regulated by Importin 2
... Bloodgood, 2008). How the cilia regulate import and export of proteins is still unclear, but it might involve an electron-dense area at the base of the cilia, which is known as the transition zone. This area might function in a similar fashion to the tight junctions of epithelia, which specifically ...
... Bloodgood, 2008). How the cilia regulate import and export of proteins is still unclear, but it might involve an electron-dense area at the base of the cilia, which is known as the transition zone. This area might function in a similar fashion to the tight junctions of epithelia, which specifically ...
LCAT activation by apoA-I in HDL3 exposed to HOCl or MPO
... MS/MS spectrum (unique peptides) Analysis Quantification Dual Statistical Criteria G-test and t-test ...
... MS/MS spectrum (unique peptides) Analysis Quantification Dual Statistical Criteria G-test and t-test ...
Advanced Stochastic Protein Sequence Analysis
... In the last decade(s), bioinformatics has become an impressive success story. Compared to traditional research in molecular biology, i.e. explorations in the so-called wet labs, insilico investigations are mostly cheaper and faster by some orders of magnitude. Here, the term in-silico stands for exp ...
... In the last decade(s), bioinformatics has become an impressive success story. Compared to traditional research in molecular biology, i.e. explorations in the so-called wet labs, insilico investigations are mostly cheaper and faster by some orders of magnitude. Here, the term in-silico stands for exp ...
General principles of cellular organization in the genome
... structural models for 484 proteins, single particle EM and cellular electron tomograms provided supporting structural details for this proteome organization. To understand basic principles of bacterial metabolism and its regulation, a manually curated metabolic network of 129 enzymes catalyzing 189 ...
... structural models for 484 proteins, single particle EM and cellular electron tomograms provided supporting structural details for this proteome organization. To understand basic principles of bacterial metabolism and its regulation, a manually curated metabolic network of 129 enzymes catalyzing 189 ...
Interactions of Elongation Factor 1 Cell Protrusions with F-Actin and
... component, a protein capable of actin binding as well as participating in protein synthesis would be the ideal candidate for a regulatory molecule(s), coordinating both the location and translation of the mRNA. In this work we present evidence that the protein translation elongation factor 1␣ (EF1␣) ...
... component, a protein capable of actin binding as well as participating in protein synthesis would be the ideal candidate for a regulatory molecule(s), coordinating both the location and translation of the mRNA. In this work we present evidence that the protein translation elongation factor 1␣ (EF1␣) ...
Intragenic Revertants of Yeast Invertase Variants with Secretion-Defective Leader Sequences.
... the secretory pathway (C. A. Kaiser, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1987). Thus, these amino-terminal residues constitute a signal sequence for secretion. They are necessary for invertase secretion, since the constitutive form of invertase remains in the cytoplasm, a ...
... the secretory pathway (C. A. Kaiser, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1987). Thus, these amino-terminal residues constitute a signal sequence for secretion. They are necessary for invertase secretion, since the constitutive form of invertase remains in the cytoplasm, a ...
The TRAPP Complex: Insights into its Architecture and
... and the C-termini of both of the Bet3p subunits present in this complex (referred to as Bet3p-A and Bet3p-B) (Figure 2). Based on the difference between the five-subunit structure and the previously published individual subunit structures, the authors proposed that Trs31p does not interact with Ypt1 ...
... and the C-termini of both of the Bet3p subunits present in this complex (referred to as Bet3p-A and Bet3p-B) (Figure 2). Based on the difference between the five-subunit structure and the previously published individual subunit structures, the authors proposed that Trs31p does not interact with Ypt1 ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.