Chlamydia Exploit the Mammalian Tryptophan-Depletion
... © 2014 Bonner, Byrne and Jensen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publicat ...
... © 2014 Bonner, Byrne and Jensen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publicat ...
The C-terminal domain of the Rhizobium leguminosarum
... pIJ1887 containing TnphoA were transferred to R. leguminosarum strain 8401 by conjugation. NodC–PhoA fusions expressing high levels of alkaline phosphatase could be identified in R. leguminosarum on plates containing hesperetin to induce nod gene expression and the chromogenic indicator 5'-bromo-4'- ...
... pIJ1887 containing TnphoA were transferred to R. leguminosarum strain 8401 by conjugation. NodC–PhoA fusions expressing high levels of alkaline phosphatase could be identified in R. leguminosarum on plates containing hesperetin to induce nod gene expression and the chromogenic indicator 5'-bromo-4'- ...
Unique amino acid signatures that are evolutionarily conserved
... between human keratin subtypes. Although only minor differences were noted in the overall percentage of amino acid subgroups such as acidic, basic or aromatic amino acids (Fig. 2; supplementary material Table S4), some amino acids did differ substantially between the three major keratin subtypes we ...
... between human keratin subtypes. Although only minor differences were noted in the overall percentage of amino acid subgroups such as acidic, basic or aromatic amino acids (Fig. 2; supplementary material Table S4), some amino acids did differ substantially between the three major keratin subtypes we ...
Golgins and GTPases, giving identity and structure to the Golgi
... while p115 can be found in all eukaryotes and GRASPs are found in all eukaryotes except plants, golgin-45 is present only in vertebrates, and GM130 is present only in mammals. This doesn’t mean that they are unimportant. Rather, it probably indicates that the Golgi is structurally adapted in differe ...
... while p115 can be found in all eukaryotes and GRASPs are found in all eukaryotes except plants, golgin-45 is present only in vertebrates, and GM130 is present only in mammals. This doesn’t mean that they are unimportant. Rather, it probably indicates that the Golgi is structurally adapted in differe ...
Data mining for important amino acid residues in multiple sequence
... secondary structures like the extremely regular local sub-structures α-helix and β-sheet which are linked by flexible regions, called loops. These folding patterns are mostly stabilized by backbone interactions like hydrogen bonds in which hydrogens are bound to highly electronegative atoms such as ...
... secondary structures like the extremely regular local sub-structures α-helix and β-sheet which are linked by flexible regions, called loops. These folding patterns are mostly stabilized by backbone interactions like hydrogen bonds in which hydrogens are bound to highly electronegative atoms such as ...
The Differential Degradation of Two Cytosolic Proteins As a Tool to
... (1990), who followed sequential steps in autophagy after inducing artificial protein complexes in the ER. However, their observations were restricted to the degradation of these complexes while, in general, autophagy is thought to be a nonspecific process in which cytoplasmic proteins are degraded r ...
... (1990), who followed sequential steps in autophagy after inducing artificial protein complexes in the ER. However, their observations were restricted to the degradation of these complexes while, in general, autophagy is thought to be a nonspecific process in which cytoplasmic proteins are degraded r ...
Plant Biochemistry
... Since there are many excellent textbooks on general biochemistry, I have deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of p ...
... Since there are many excellent textbooks on general biochemistry, I have deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of p ...
H. Heldt
... Since there are many excellent textbooks on general biochemistry, I have deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of p ...
... Since there are many excellent textbooks on general biochemistry, I have deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of p ...
Bacterial ribosome requires multiple L12 dimers for efficient initiation
... The ribosomal stalk in bacteria is composed of four or six copies of L12 proteins arranged in dimers that bind to the adjacent sites on protein L10, spanning 10 amino acids each from the L10 C-terminus. To study why multiple L12 dimers are required on the ribosome, we created a chromosomally enginee ...
... The ribosomal stalk in bacteria is composed of four or six copies of L12 proteins arranged in dimers that bind to the adjacent sites on protein L10, spanning 10 amino acids each from the L10 C-terminus. To study why multiple L12 dimers are required on the ribosome, we created a chromosomally enginee ...
Hydrolyzed Source Proteins as Used in Cosmetics
... hydrolysis to yield cosmetically acceptable raw materials. The definitions exclude the complete hydrolysis products of proteins, the amino acids. These protein derivatives are prepared by subjecting animal or vegetable proteins to enzymatic (e.g., papain hydrolysis) or other chemical hydrolyses (e.g ...
... hydrolysis to yield cosmetically acceptable raw materials. The definitions exclude the complete hydrolysis products of proteins, the amino acids. These protein derivatives are prepared by subjecting animal or vegetable proteins to enzymatic (e.g., papain hydrolysis) or other chemical hydrolyses (e.g ...
Article (Published version)
... species demonstrate the importance of Gli function. The Gli code is thus thought to regulate the CNS homeodomain code, the latter being required for specification of different neuronal subtypes (Briscoe et al., 2000). However, the variable results make a unifying interpretation difficult. Similarly, ...
... species demonstrate the importance of Gli function. The Gli code is thus thought to regulate the CNS homeodomain code, the latter being required for specification of different neuronal subtypes (Briscoe et al., 2000). However, the variable results make a unifying interpretation difficult. Similarly, ...
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in
... Midgut gland tissue from whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei (= Litopenaeus vannamei) was obtained from aquaculture facilities. Midgut glands were dissected and immediately homogenized in cold, distilled water (1:4 w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 g and at 4°C. The supernatant was ...
... Midgut gland tissue from whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei (= Litopenaeus vannamei) was obtained from aquaculture facilities. Midgut glands were dissected and immediately homogenized in cold, distilled water (1:4 w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 g and at 4°C. The supernatant was ...
Marine Biotecnology
... Midgut gland tissue from whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei (= Litopenaeus vannamei) was obtained from aquaculture facilities. Midgut glands were dissected and immediately homogenized in cold, distilled water (1:4 w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 g and at 4°C. The supernatant was ...
... Midgut gland tissue from whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei (= Litopenaeus vannamei) was obtained from aquaculture facilities. Midgut glands were dissected and immediately homogenized in cold, distilled water (1:4 w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 g and at 4°C. The supernatant was ...
The Platform Protein Is Essential for Type IV Pilus
... The resulting mechanical energy is thought to be transferred via an inner membrane protein(s) to drive pilin subunits into the base of the growing fiber during polymerization (23). Pilus depolymerization may result from reversal of this process using a second, retraction ATPase (PilT in P. aeruginos ...
... The resulting mechanical energy is thought to be transferred via an inner membrane protein(s) to drive pilin subunits into the base of the growing fiber during polymerization (23). Pilus depolymerization may result from reversal of this process using a second, retraction ATPase (PilT in P. aeruginos ...
How Optimized Is the Translational Machinery in
... be the same as that in the baseline condition when Q j exactly matches p j , e.g., when Q 1 5 p 1 in Figure 1. The baseline condition therefore seems to guarantee a relatively small Y value over a wide fluctuation of Q j values. Y will be smaller than the baseline condition only when Q j values are ...
... be the same as that in the baseline condition when Q j exactly matches p j , e.g., when Q 1 5 p 1 in Figure 1. The baseline condition therefore seems to guarantee a relatively small Y value over a wide fluctuation of Q j values. Y will be smaller than the baseline condition only when Q j values are ...
on the importance of cooperativity effects - RSC Publishing
... important in protein structures. A pioneering systematic search through the Protein Data Bank (PDB) showed that anion–p close contacts exist in experimental protein structures between the standard aromatic residues (Trp, Phe, Tyr, and His) and anions, such as chloride and phosphate.25 Also, by a sys ...
... important in protein structures. A pioneering systematic search through the Protein Data Bank (PDB) showed that anion–p close contacts exist in experimental protein structures between the standard aromatic residues (Trp, Phe, Tyr, and His) and anions, such as chloride and phosphate.25 Also, by a sys ...
curriculum vitae- michael hippler
... cells exhibit iron-deficiency symptoms at higher Fe concentrations than does the wild-type, although the cells are not more depleted in cellular iron relative to the wild-type as measured by mass spectrometry. Thiol trapping experiments indicate iron-dependent and redox-induced conformational change ...
... cells exhibit iron-deficiency symptoms at higher Fe concentrations than does the wild-type, although the cells are not more depleted in cellular iron relative to the wild-type as measured by mass spectrometry. Thiol trapping experiments indicate iron-dependent and redox-induced conformational change ...
working with peptides
... Peptides in solution are only stable for up to one week when stored at +4 C. If peptides are to be used frequently, solubilize and aliquot, then store frozen at -20 C (-30 C if in DMSO; note that DMSO is hygyroscopic so will not freeze well once it has absorbed water) or lower, and avoid freeze-thaw ...
... Peptides in solution are only stable for up to one week when stored at +4 C. If peptides are to be used frequently, solubilize and aliquot, then store frozen at -20 C (-30 C if in DMSO; note that DMSO is hygyroscopic so will not freeze well once it has absorbed water) or lower, and avoid freeze-thaw ...
In Vitro Assays Demonstrate That Pollen Tube Organelles Use
... motor protein that is functionally, biochemically, and immunologically related to kinesin. This work provides clear evidence that the movement of pollen tube organelles is not just actin based; rather, they show a microtubule-based motion as well. This unexpected finding suggests new insights into t ...
... motor protein that is functionally, biochemically, and immunologically related to kinesin. This work provides clear evidence that the movement of pollen tube organelles is not just actin based; rather, they show a microtubule-based motion as well. This unexpected finding suggests new insights into t ...
tubulin - Journal of Cell Science
... Kikkawa et al., 2000). The dramatic divergence of γ-, δ- and εtubulin with respect to this region strongly suggests that these proteins will not interact with classical MAPs or motors proteins that rely on an electrostatic attachment to the C terminus. However, it should be noted that helices H11 an ...
... Kikkawa et al., 2000). The dramatic divergence of γ-, δ- and εtubulin with respect to this region strongly suggests that these proteins will not interact with classical MAPs or motors proteins that rely on an electrostatic attachment to the C terminus. However, it should be noted that helices H11 an ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... inactivated ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) reductase, two key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Almost 15 years later, Hardie’s group [1,2] realized that both activities were catalysed by the same multisubstrate protein kinase, which was activated by AMP [1] ...
... inactivated ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) reductase, two key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Almost 15 years later, Hardie’s group [1,2] realized that both activities were catalysed by the same multisubstrate protein kinase, which was activated by AMP [1] ...
Forced Expression of Dystrophin Deletion Constructs Reveals
... Dystrophin is known to associate with a large complex of integral and peripheral membrane proteins and glycoproteins collectively known as the dystrophin-associated protein (DAP) complex (34). All of the DAPs are greatly reduced in the skeletal muscle of DMD patients and the mdx mouse (16, 33). The ...
... Dystrophin is known to associate with a large complex of integral and peripheral membrane proteins and glycoproteins collectively known as the dystrophin-associated protein (DAP) complex (34). All of the DAPs are greatly reduced in the skeletal muscle of DMD patients and the mdx mouse (16, 33). The ...
The Foamy Virus Gag Proteins: What Makes Them Different?
... be important for the interaction [18]. Other retroviral Gag proteins, like HIV-1 Gag, contain similar domains required for efficient Env incorporation in the Gag N terminus [1]. However, FV are unique among retroviruses as FV Gag lacks a membrane-targeting domain (see below). Therefore, viral buddin ...
... be important for the interaction [18]. Other retroviral Gag proteins, like HIV-1 Gag, contain similar domains required for efficient Env incorporation in the Gag N terminus [1]. However, FV are unique among retroviruses as FV Gag lacks a membrane-targeting domain (see below). Therefore, viral buddin ...
Myr 8, A Novel Unconventional Myosin Expressed during Brain
... members of a new class of myosins, which we have designated class XVI. The head domain of myr 8 myosins contains an N-terminal extension composed of multiple ankyrin repeats, which biochemical evidence implicates in binding the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits 1␣ and 1␥. Immunoblot and ...
... members of a new class of myosins, which we have designated class XVI. The head domain of myr 8 myosins contains an N-terminal extension composed of multiple ankyrin repeats, which biochemical evidence implicates in binding the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits 1␣ and 1␥. Immunoblot and ...
and Rhizobiales-Like PPP-Family Protein Phosphatases from
... identified PPP-family protein phosphatase subclasses from the model photosynthetic Eukaryote Arabidopsis thaliana. These two subclasses included the Shewanella-like (SLP1 and 2) and Rhizobiales-like (RLPH2) phosphatases, which were named after their relatedness to phosphatase orthologs from Shewanel ...
... identified PPP-family protein phosphatase subclasses from the model photosynthetic Eukaryote Arabidopsis thaliana. These two subclasses included the Shewanella-like (SLP1 and 2) and Rhizobiales-like (RLPH2) phosphatases, which were named after their relatedness to phosphatase orthologs from Shewanel ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.