Kinetics of Peroxynitrite Reaction with Amino Acids and Human
... plots of the rate constant with the sulfhydryl versus pH were bell-shaped. The kinetics of peroxynitrite reaction with all free L-amino acids were determined under pseudo-first order conditions. The most reactive amino acids were cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan. Histidine, leucine, and phenylal ...
... plots of the rate constant with the sulfhydryl versus pH were bell-shaped. The kinetics of peroxynitrite reaction with all free L-amino acids were determined under pseudo-first order conditions. The most reactive amino acids were cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan. Histidine, leucine, and phenylal ...
Ribosomal Stalk Protein L12: Structure, Function and
... and Nierhaus 2007; Schmeing and Ramakrishnan 2009)). The macromolecular nature of the ribosome is evident from the diversity of its RNA and protein components as discussed in the section below. The ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotes they are also found on endoplasmic reticulum. Ri ...
... and Nierhaus 2007; Schmeing and Ramakrishnan 2009)). The macromolecular nature of the ribosome is evident from the diversity of its RNA and protein components as discussed in the section below. The ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotes they are also found on endoplasmic reticulum. Ri ...
Was photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by
... operon [32]. These operons have S-box riboswitches that regulate the expression of the genes involved in sulfur metabolism in B. subtilis [27]. In these operons, MtnD is highly homologous to the 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase and MtnK was identified as the methylthioribose kina ...
... operon [32]. These operons have S-box riboswitches that regulate the expression of the genes involved in sulfur metabolism in B. subtilis [27]. In these operons, MtnD is highly homologous to the 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase and MtnK was identified as the methylthioribose kina ...
please refer to anzfa`s guide to applications and proposals for a
... Soybean DP-356043-5 has elevated levels of two minor fatty acids, heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:1), and of the acetylated amino acids N-acetyl glutamate (NAGlu) and N-acetyl aspartate (NAAsp). Standard 1.5.2 of the Code states that there could be additional labelling require ...
... Soybean DP-356043-5 has elevated levels of two minor fatty acids, heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:1), and of the acetylated amino acids N-acetyl glutamate (NAGlu) and N-acetyl aspartate (NAAsp). Standard 1.5.2 of the Code states that there could be additional labelling require ...
PapD-like chaperones and pilus biogenesis
... preferences.31 Donation of the G1 strand of the chaperone may provide the necessary tertiary context for the formation of the G1 , F, C1 -sheet,16 which forms half of the immunoglobulin fold of the pilin domain.27,28 Indeed, PapD is known to induce the formation of -strands in peptides correspondi ...
... preferences.31 Donation of the G1 strand of the chaperone may provide the necessary tertiary context for the formation of the G1 , F, C1 -sheet,16 which forms half of the immunoglobulin fold of the pilin domain.27,28 Indeed, PapD is known to induce the formation of -strands in peptides correspondi ...
REDESIGN OF CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFICITY BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA
... A novel compound, the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor C75, has been proposed to pharmacologically regulate CPT I activity (Price, 2001). Structurally, C75 is a cell-permeable α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone designed to be less reactive and potentially safer than cerulenin, a natural product obtained ...
... A novel compound, the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor C75, has been proposed to pharmacologically regulate CPT I activity (Price, 2001). Structurally, C75 is a cell-permeable α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone designed to be less reactive and potentially safer than cerulenin, a natural product obtained ...
Carbohydrate Biosensors
... particularly tried to discuss in depth several topics that we believe define the current status of the carbohydrate biosensors field and point to possible future avenues. We have not attempted to cover all aspects of carbohydrate chemistry and biology, carbohydrate-detection methods, or issues conce ...
... particularly tried to discuss in depth several topics that we believe define the current status of the carbohydrate biosensors field and point to possible future avenues. We have not attempted to cover all aspects of carbohydrate chemistry and biology, carbohydrate-detection methods, or issues conce ...
The enzymes of biotin dependent CO2 metabolism: What structures
... most stable position for the B-domain may not be in the completely open state in the absence of substrate but rather in a partially closed state.27 Single molecule fluorescence studies will be needed to experimentally confirm the resting positions of the Bdomains in the absence of substrates. The so ...
... most stable position for the B-domain may not be in the completely open state in the absence of substrate but rather in a partially closed state.27 Single molecule fluorescence studies will be needed to experimentally confirm the resting positions of the Bdomains in the absence of substrates. The so ...
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom, and it
... molecule, called the amino terminal end, special bonds called disulfide bonds are formed among three procollagen chains and ensure that the chains line up in the proper alignment. This step is called registration. Once registration occurs, the three chains wrap around each other forming a string-li ...
... molecule, called the amino terminal end, special bonds called disulfide bonds are formed among three procollagen chains and ensure that the chains line up in the proper alignment. This step is called registration. Once registration occurs, the three chains wrap around each other forming a string-li ...
Supplementary materials - Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
... Importantly, the candidate genetic regulators for Geronemo consist of both continuousvalued e-regulators and discrete-valued g-regulators. The continuous-valued candidate regulators have more possible split values than the discrete-valued ones; therefore it is possible that e-regulators can be captu ...
... Importantly, the candidate genetic regulators for Geronemo consist of both continuousvalued e-regulators and discrete-valued g-regulators. The continuous-valued candidate regulators have more possible split values than the discrete-valued ones; therefore it is possible that e-regulators can be captu ...
Organization of Physical Interactomes as
... complex schemas are organized in terms of their lower-order constituents. The uncovered schemas span a wide range of cellular activities, with many signaling and transport related higher-order schemas. We establish the functional importance of the schemas by showing that they correspond to functiona ...
... complex schemas are organized in terms of their lower-order constituents. The uncovered schemas span a wide range of cellular activities, with many signaling and transport related higher-order schemas. We establish the functional importance of the schemas by showing that they correspond to functiona ...
METABOLIC CUES AND REGULATORY PROTEINS
... macrophages to cause the severe pneumonia, Legionnaires’ disease. To persist within these diverse niches, L. pneumophila alternates between at least two distinct phenotypic phases: a non-infectious, replicative form required for intracellular growth and an infectious, transmissive form that enhances ...
... macrophages to cause the severe pneumonia, Legionnaires’ disease. To persist within these diverse niches, L. pneumophila alternates between at least two distinct phenotypic phases: a non-infectious, replicative form required for intracellular growth and an infectious, transmissive form that enhances ...
Acyl-CoA oxidase is imported as a heteropentameric, cofactor
... the acquisition and maintenance of the oligomeric conformation by other proteins imported into the peroxisome are assisted by a specialized set of cytosolic chaperones or whether they can occur spontaneously in the cytosol. Furthermore, it is unknown if any peroxisomal protein can preassemble with i ...
... the acquisition and maintenance of the oligomeric conformation by other proteins imported into the peroxisome are assisted by a specialized set of cytosolic chaperones or whether they can occur spontaneously in the cytosol. Furthermore, it is unknown if any peroxisomal protein can preassemble with i ...
Origins and Early Evolution of the tRNA Molecule
... of tRNA) can function both in aminoacylation by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and in peptide bond formation on the ribosome, indicating that it may be a vestige of the ancestral tRNA. The universal CCA-31 terminus of tRNA is also a typical characteristic of the molecule. “Why CCA?” is the fundamental u ...
... of tRNA) can function both in aminoacylation by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and in peptide bond formation on the ribosome, indicating that it may be a vestige of the ancestral tRNA. The universal CCA-31 terminus of tRNA is also a typical characteristic of the molecule. “Why CCA?” is the fundamental u ...
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea
... used to determine the presence of archaea in environments even when the organisms themselves remained unculturable. In addition to ssrRNA signatures, evidence for an archaeal ‘genomic signature’ has been presented. The archaeal genomic signature presented by Graham et al. (2000) is a set of over 350 ...
... used to determine the presence of archaea in environments even when the organisms themselves remained unculturable. In addition to ssrRNA signatures, evidence for an archaeal ‘genomic signature’ has been presented. The archaeal genomic signature presented by Graham et al. (2000) is a set of over 350 ...
ldentification of Surface-Exposed Domains on the Reducing Side of
... Therefore, the data in Figure 1 demonstrated that specific Glu residues of PsaD and PsaE are shielded from the protease after their assembly into PSI complexes. These results prompted identification of El, EII, and DI peptides by Nterminal amino acid sequencing (Table I). Both El and EII fragments h ...
... Therefore, the data in Figure 1 demonstrated that specific Glu residues of PsaD and PsaE are shielded from the protease after their assembly into PSI complexes. These results prompted identification of El, EII, and DI peptides by Nterminal amino acid sequencing (Table I). Both El and EII fragments h ...
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone
... in the absence and presence of T4. No differences in total actin content were observed, and ⬎90% of the immunoreactive actin was found in the Triton-insoluble pellet in both thyroid hormone-deficient and T4-treated cells as determined by densitometry (data not shown). In control experiments, no spec ...
... in the absence and presence of T4. No differences in total actin content were observed, and ⬎90% of the immunoreactive actin was found in the Triton-insoluble pellet in both thyroid hormone-deficient and T4-treated cells as determined by densitometry (data not shown). In control experiments, no spec ...
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... mutations of PP1 in fungi could be (partially) complemented by expression of mammalian PP1 (113, 311), indicating that PP1 is also functionally conserved. Eukaryotic genomes contain one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to eight genes (Arabidopsis thaliana) encoding PP1 isoforms. More than 70% of the resid ...
... mutations of PP1 in fungi could be (partially) complemented by expression of mammalian PP1 (113, 311), indicating that PP1 is also functionally conserved. Eukaryotic genomes contain one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to eight genes (Arabidopsis thaliana) encoding PP1 isoforms. More than 70% of the resid ...
mexCD-oprJ aeruginosa
... Figure 4-6: NfxB and EsrC interact in the presence and absence of CHX-mediated envelope stress .........61 Figure 4-7: Screening for NfxB variants demonstrating a loss of interaction with EsrC .............................63 Figure 4-8: Expression of EsrC and mutant NfxB proteins in E. coli ...
... Figure 4-6: NfxB and EsrC interact in the presence and absence of CHX-mediated envelope stress .........61 Figure 4-7: Screening for NfxB variants demonstrating a loss of interaction with EsrC .............................63 Figure 4-8: Expression of EsrC and mutant NfxB proteins in E. coli ...
C H A P
... of the lipase(s) produced by this bacterium remain almost unknown, since only related enzymes such as H. pylori phospholipases A2 and C have been cloned and/or characterized (Weitkamp et al., 1993; Dorrell et al., 1999; General Introduction 3.4.2). Therefore, this chapter is focused on the isolation ...
... of the lipase(s) produced by this bacterium remain almost unknown, since only related enzymes such as H. pylori phospholipases A2 and C have been cloned and/or characterized (Weitkamp et al., 1993; Dorrell et al., 1999; General Introduction 3.4.2). Therefore, this chapter is focused on the isolation ...
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... applying metalloendopeptidase & catalytic property of zinc as a whole1. Hemagglutinin (HA) protein, an adjuvant for BoNT vaccine is a carrier & protector of BoNT in cytosol environment which help the toxin in crossing the cell barriers2. HA protein even cannot be isolated from BoNT complex in vaccin ...
... applying metalloendopeptidase & catalytic property of zinc as a whole1. Hemagglutinin (HA) protein, an adjuvant for BoNT vaccine is a carrier & protector of BoNT in cytosol environment which help the toxin in crossing the cell barriers2. HA protein even cannot be isolated from BoNT complex in vaccin ...
Transfer RNA is highly unstable during early
... Transfer RNAs (tRNA), the adaptor molecules that translate the codons in mRNA to amino acids in proteins, are a fundamental component of the translation machinery and is typically referred to as abundant ‘house-keeping’ RNA. Accordingly, our knowledge about the regulation of tRNA transcription in Es ...
... Transfer RNAs (tRNA), the adaptor molecules that translate the codons in mRNA to amino acids in proteins, are a fundamental component of the translation machinery and is typically referred to as abundant ‘house-keeping’ RNA. Accordingly, our knowledge about the regulation of tRNA transcription in Es ...
Biological ontologies for human functional annotation and
... “Proteins include protein groups, families, molecules, complexes, and substructures.” ...
... “Proteins include protein groups, families, molecules, complexes, and substructures.” ...
E. Coli MurG: A Paradigm for a Superfamily of
... recently, the structure of MurF [19] has been reported. Hence, there is a large amount of structural and mechanistic information on the enzymes involved in the first stage of peptidoglycan synthesis. This information may prove useful in the design of new antibiotics. Good screens for evaluating inhi ...
... recently, the structure of MurF [19] has been reported. Hence, there is a large amount of structural and mechanistic information on the enzymes involved in the first stage of peptidoglycan synthesis. This information may prove useful in the design of new antibiotics. Good screens for evaluating inhi ...
Transcription factor Sp3 is silenced through - IMT
... this lysine lies within a motif (IKEE, amino acids 422±425 according to Kingsley and Winoto, 1992) that could act as a target for SUMO modi®cation (Melchior, 2000). SUMO-modi®ed proteins have an ~20 kDa higher apparent molecular weight compared with unmodi®ed proteins. However, previously we did not ...
... this lysine lies within a motif (IKEE, amino acids 422±425 according to Kingsley and Winoto, 1992) that could act as a target for SUMO modi®cation (Melchior, 2000). SUMO-modi®ed proteins have an ~20 kDa higher apparent molecular weight compared with unmodi®ed proteins. However, previously we did not ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.