
Understanding the Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Acetylation in E
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
On the role and formation of covalently bound flavin cofactors Heuts
... elucidating the mechanism(s) of covalent flavin incorporation (flavinylation) and the possible role(s) of covalent protein–flavin bonds. These endeavors have revealed that covalent flavinylation is a post-translational and self-catalytic process. This review presents an overview of the known types of co ...
... elucidating the mechanism(s) of covalent flavin incorporation (flavinylation) and the possible role(s) of covalent protein–flavin bonds. These endeavors have revealed that covalent flavinylation is a post-translational and self-catalytic process. This review presents an overview of the known types of co ...
Identification of a Nuclear Export Signal in the Catalytic Subunit of
... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ...
... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology Department at Digital Commons @ Trinity. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Trinity. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ...
Functional and Biochemical Analysis of Glucose-6
... The dimeric G6PD enzyme has two subunits symmetrically located across a complex interface of β-sheets and each subunit binds to a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ) molecule that confers structural stability. This structural NADP+ molecule is positioned close to the interface where ...
... The dimeric G6PD enzyme has two subunits symmetrically located across a complex interface of β-sheets and each subunit binds to a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ) molecule that confers structural stability. This structural NADP+ molecule is positioned close to the interface where ...
Lectins, as non-self-recognition factors, in crustaceans
... self-glycoproteins ŽThiel and Reid, 1989.. This observation is related to the equatorial orientation of the C3–OH and C4–OH groups of the sugar moiety ŽWeis and Drickamer, 1996., a configuration represented in the hexoses N-acetylglucosamine ŽGlcNAc., glucose and fucose as well as mannose. Combinati ...
... self-glycoproteins ŽThiel and Reid, 1989.. This observation is related to the equatorial orientation of the C3–OH and C4–OH groups of the sugar moiety ŽWeis and Drickamer, 1996., a configuration represented in the hexoses N-acetylglucosamine ŽGlcNAc., glucose and fucose as well as mannose. Combinati ...
NAGS - BMC Biochemistry
... excrete ammonia directly into their environment due to the large concentration gradient of ammonia between their plasma and surrounding water [2]. However, the efficient disposal of ammonia in a manner that does not require as much water was essential for life on land and adaptation of aquatic anima ...
... excrete ammonia directly into their environment due to the large concentration gradient of ammonia between their plasma and surrounding water [2]. However, the efficient disposal of ammonia in a manner that does not require as much water was essential for life on land and adaptation of aquatic anima ...
Metabolism of [14C]glutamate and [14C]glutamine by
... catabolism in P. involutus might involve a transamination process as an alternative pathway to GOGAT for glutamine degradation. The high l4CO, evolution shows that glutamate and glutamine are further actively consumed as respiratory substrates, being channelled through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) c ...
... catabolism in P. involutus might involve a transamination process as an alternative pathway to GOGAT for glutamine degradation. The high l4CO, evolution shows that glutamate and glutamine are further actively consumed as respiratory substrates, being channelled through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) c ...
Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
New insights into regulation of p53 protein degradation
... and that it prevents the degradation of proteins with unstructured regions, such as p53, p73 [33, 41], leads to stabilization of p53 and cellular protection [36]. Protein-protein interactions can protect p53 protein against ubiquitin-independent 20S proteasome pathway action The second proposed mech ...
... and that it prevents the degradation of proteins with unstructured regions, such as p53, p73 [33, 41], leads to stabilization of p53 and cellular protection [36]. Protein-protein interactions can protect p53 protein against ubiquitin-independent 20S proteasome pathway action The second proposed mech ...
The Role of N- and C-terminal Amino Acids to
... The fundamental link between the primary amino acid sequence and the functional protein has long been an area of interest with much still to be discovered. The goal of studying protein folding is to ultimately predict the folded structure and the function of a protein from its primary sequence. Anfi ...
... The fundamental link between the primary amino acid sequence and the functional protein has long been an area of interest with much still to be discovered. The goal of studying protein folding is to ultimately predict the folded structure and the function of a protein from its primary sequence. Anfi ...
Lessons from the Genome Sequence of Neurospora crassa: Tracing
... Homocysteine and methionine metabolism.......................................................................................................49 Additional aspects of sulfur metabolism ...........................................................................................................50 Compon ...
... Homocysteine and methionine metabolism.......................................................................................................49 Additional aspects of sulfur metabolism ...........................................................................................................50 Compon ...
4-YEAR DEGREE PROGRAMME I BIOCHEMISTRY YEAR I A
... Prerequisite: Any five from BCH 301 to BCH 309 Course to cover reading assignments to students which are expected to be completed during 3-6 hours library studies and later presented as short Seminars. One lecture weekly on growth and development of Biochemistry emphasizing major breakthrough in Bio ...
... Prerequisite: Any five from BCH 301 to BCH 309 Course to cover reading assignments to students which are expected to be completed during 3-6 hours library studies and later presented as short Seminars. One lecture weekly on growth and development of Biochemistry emphasizing major breakthrough in Bio ...
Collagen Diversity, Synthesis and Assembly
... cross-linked to both collagens II and XI in the cartilage fibril, through lysine-derived cross-links; recent studies have shown how flexibility within the non-collagenous domains allows these cross-links to form (Eyre et al., 2004). Strongest homology within the FACITs is in the C-terminal collageno ...
... cross-linked to both collagens II and XI in the cartilage fibril, through lysine-derived cross-links; recent studies have shown how flexibility within the non-collagenous domains allows these cross-links to form (Eyre et al., 2004). Strongest homology within the FACITs is in the C-terminal collageno ...
Annexin-Phospholipid Interactions. Functional Implications
... with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although this is true for the vast majority of the members of this family of proteins, some members, such as mammalian annexin A9, do not bind calcium but still are able to interact with biological membranes through different mechanisms. Human annexin A5 ...
... with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although this is true for the vast majority of the members of this family of proteins, some members, such as mammalian annexin A9, do not bind calcium but still are able to interact with biological membranes through different mechanisms. Human annexin A5 ...
Technical Brief
... The term kwashiorkor was introduced in the medical literature by Cicely Williams, a Jamaican physician working in what is now Ghana in an article published in the Lancet in 1935 1 (republished in 20032). It is derived from a word of the Krobo language from Ghana and refers to a child displaced from ...
... The term kwashiorkor was introduced in the medical literature by Cicely Williams, a Jamaican physician working in what is now Ghana in an article published in the Lancet in 1935 1 (republished in 20032). It is derived from a word of the Krobo language from Ghana and refers to a child displaced from ...
The Unusual Binding Properties of the Third Distinct Teleost
... described in our previous paper (17) to standardize ER subtype nomenclature and in recognition of the fact that this subtype has not been identified subsequently in any other vertebrate classes (20). Similarly, the subtype formerly referred to as acER is renamed acERb. The ERas share a high degre ...
... described in our previous paper (17) to standardize ER subtype nomenclature and in recognition of the fact that this subtype has not been identified subsequently in any other vertebrate classes (20). Similarly, the subtype formerly referred to as acER is renamed acERb. The ERas share a high degre ...
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
... produces 4 . 2 kJ of protein per kJ of fossil fuel used in its cultivation while soya bean requires about 8.8 kJ per kJ protein produced. Protein production by intensive animal husbandry methods is highly energy consumIng, requlflng approximately 197.4 kJ per kJ of protein. Therefore, more direct co ...
... produces 4 . 2 kJ of protein per kJ of fossil fuel used in its cultivation while soya bean requires about 8.8 kJ per kJ protein produced. Protein production by intensive animal husbandry methods is highly energy consumIng, requlflng approximately 197.4 kJ per kJ of protein. Therefore, more direct co ...
Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body
... proteins bind to specific UTR elements in mRNAs. The KH protein GLD-1 is expressed in early meiosis and binds directly to elements in glp-1, rme-2, and numerous other mRNAs to repress their translation (Lee and Schedl, 2001; Marin and Evans, 2003; Lee and Schedl, 2006). As germ cell nuclei enter lat ...
... proteins bind to specific UTR elements in mRNAs. The KH protein GLD-1 is expressed in early meiosis and binds directly to elements in glp-1, rme-2, and numerous other mRNAs to repress their translation (Lee and Schedl, 2001; Marin and Evans, 2003; Lee and Schedl, 2006). As germ cell nuclei enter lat ...
View PDF - Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... suggest that SHH levels do not deviate bilaterally during limb development. In contrast, if SHH protein levels were found to be different between two limb buds of the same animal, these data would suggest that bilateral deviations in SHH protein levels occurred. Further, the bilateral deviation may ...
... suggest that SHH levels do not deviate bilaterally during limb development. In contrast, if SHH protein levels were found to be different between two limb buds of the same animal, these data would suggest that bilateral deviations in SHH protein levels occurred. Further, the bilateral deviation may ...
Structure-Function Analysis of SH3 Domains: SH3
... These results demonstrate that Asp-99 of Src plays a role in binding of Src SH3 to some tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and that the T98D substitution in Abl SH3 allowed this domain to bind to a 68-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated Src substrate. Comparison of binding of p68 and hnRNP K to the wildtype a ...
... These results demonstrate that Asp-99 of Src plays a role in binding of Src SH3 to some tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and that the T98D substitution in Abl SH3 allowed this domain to bind to a 68-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated Src substrate. Comparison of binding of p68 and hnRNP K to the wildtype a ...
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta in hypothalamus interacts with long form leptin receptor. Relation to dietary fat and body weight regulation
... Leptin and its long form receptor, Ob-Rb, in hypothalamic nuclei play a key role in regulating energy balance. The mutation of Ob-Rb into one of its natural variants, Ob-Ra, results in severe obesity in rodents. We demonstrate here that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) interacts, via its ankyrin repea ...
... Leptin and its long form receptor, Ob-Rb, in hypothalamic nuclei play a key role in regulating energy balance. The mutation of Ob-Rb into one of its natural variants, Ob-Ra, results in severe obesity in rodents. We demonstrate here that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) interacts, via its ankyrin repea ...
Full-Text PDF
... component of EPS’s [65], whereas poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG) and teichoic acids (TAs) were found in the S. aureus biofilm matrix [66]. In the early 2000s, Borucki et al. [35] reported the presence of carbohydrates in all L. monocytogenes strains tested in their work, with the highest biofilm fo ...
... component of EPS’s [65], whereas poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG) and teichoic acids (TAs) were found in the S. aureus biofilm matrix [66]. In the early 2000s, Borucki et al. [35] reported the presence of carbohydrates in all L. monocytogenes strains tested in their work, with the highest biofilm fo ...
Origin of the catalytic activity of bovine seminal ribonuclease against
... against duplex RNA has been interpreted as being related to the number of positive charges presented by the RNase molecule to its substrate (34-36). Exceptions to this rule are the two basic proteins, human nonsecretory ribonuclease and human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), which are exceptionall ...
... against duplex RNA has been interpreted as being related to the number of positive charges presented by the RNase molecule to its substrate (34-36). Exceptions to this rule are the two basic proteins, human nonsecretory ribonuclease and human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), which are exceptionall ...
Protein

Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.