Unconventional serine proteases: Variations on the catalytic Ser/His
... included the identification of the specific amino acid that functioned as the nucleophile by modification with DFP (disopropyl fluorophosphates) in both trypsin and chymotrypsin (Dixon et al. 1958). The determination of the amino acid sequence of trypsinogen (Walsh and Neurath 1964) and chymotrypsin ...
... included the identification of the specific amino acid that functioned as the nucleophile by modification with DFP (disopropyl fluorophosphates) in both trypsin and chymotrypsin (Dixon et al. 1958). The determination of the amino acid sequence of trypsinogen (Walsh and Neurath 1964) and chymotrypsin ...
Development of prokaryotic cell-free systems for synthetic
... Ryabova, & Ovodov, 1988a). These methods all utilize the ability of cell-free systems to efficiently produce protein without interference from cellular growth and metabolism. In addition, many systems are driven by T7 RNA polymerase expression (Krieg & Melton, 1987) to encourage as much protein prod ...
... Ryabova, & Ovodov, 1988a). These methods all utilize the ability of cell-free systems to efficiently produce protein without interference from cellular growth and metabolism. In addition, many systems are driven by T7 RNA polymerase expression (Krieg & Melton, 1987) to encourage as much protein prod ...
Schubert, C. M., R. Lin, C. J. de Vries, R. H. A.
... sperm entry appears to define the posterior pole of the C. elegans embryo. After fertilization, the proteins PAR-1 and PAR-2 localize to the posterior cortex of the embryo (Guo and Kemphues, 1995; Boyd et al., 1996) and PAR-3, PKC-3, and PAR-6 localize to the anterior cortex (Etemad-Moghadam et al., ...
... sperm entry appears to define the posterior pole of the C. elegans embryo. After fertilization, the proteins PAR-1 and PAR-2 localize to the posterior cortex of the embryo (Guo and Kemphues, 1995; Boyd et al., 1996) and PAR-3, PKC-3, and PAR-6 localize to the anterior cortex (Etemad-Moghadam et al., ...
THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF F PLASMID TRAI AND
... Getting through the past number of years of my thesis work has been tough, but there have been many friends and family who have lent their support generously. The first people who I’d like to thank are all the great friends I’ve made in graduate school. Specifically, I want to thank my friend Monica ...
... Getting through the past number of years of my thesis work has been tough, but there have been many friends and family who have lent their support generously. The first people who I’d like to thank are all the great friends I’ve made in graduate school. Specifically, I want to thank my friend Monica ...
Functional genomics analysis of the effects of co- decarboxylase/ornithine decarboxylase
... PfAdoMetDC/ODC with DFMO and MDL73811. The physiological effects during the resulting cytostasis were studied with a comprehensive functional genomics approach. The study was preceded by various assays to determine the treatment dosage that would result in complete cytostasis, without non-specific c ...
... PfAdoMetDC/ODC with DFMO and MDL73811. The physiological effects during the resulting cytostasis were studied with a comprehensive functional genomics approach. The study was preceded by various assays to determine the treatment dosage that would result in complete cytostasis, without non-specific c ...
Mechanisms of transport through the Golgi complex
... Fig. 3. (A) Vesicle budding and fusion. Activation of a small G protein (such as Arf1 or Sar1) (red) by the exchange of GDP for GTP results in the recruitment of a coat complex (blue) to the membrane by the GTP-bound form of the G protein. Membrane curvature and sorting of cargo (yellow) into the fo ...
... Fig. 3. (A) Vesicle budding and fusion. Activation of a small G protein (such as Arf1 or Sar1) (red) by the exchange of GDP for GTP results in the recruitment of a coat complex (blue) to the membrane by the GTP-bound form of the G protein. Membrane curvature and sorting of cargo (yellow) into the fo ...
Minireview: Lipid Droplets in Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
... the notion that it forms a hormonally regulated barrier between cytosolic lipases and the neutral lipids within. Consistent with this model, heterologous expression of perilipin A in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to increased TAG storage by reducing the rate of TAG hydrolysis rather than by promoting T ...
... the notion that it forms a hormonally regulated barrier between cytosolic lipases and the neutral lipids within. Consistent with this model, heterologous expression of perilipin A in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to increased TAG storage by reducing the rate of TAG hydrolysis rather than by promoting T ...
Chapter 6 Slides
... More design principles "Random coil" is not random Structures of globular proteins are not static Various elements and domains of protein move to different degrees Some segments of proteins are very flexible and disordered Know the kinds and rates of protein motion ...
... More design principles "Random coil" is not random Structures of globular proteins are not static Various elements and domains of protein move to different degrees Some segments of proteins are very flexible and disordered Know the kinds and rates of protein motion ...
Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (Antimicrobials)
... eukaryotic cells (Table 10.2). • This inhibition can take place at any stage in protein synthesis. • However, some inhibitors have a specific action in that they inhibit protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells, or vice versa. prof. aza ...
... eukaryotic cells (Table 10.2). • This inhibition can take place at any stage in protein synthesis. • However, some inhibitors have a specific action in that they inhibit protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells, or vice versa. prof. aza ...
Advances in Chemical Protein Modification
... 2.2.1. Lysine and N-Terminus. Despite the general use of nonselective protein modification methods, new chemical tools to access homogeneous proteins for in vitro and in vivo applications have been developed for the modification of natural Cys, Lys, and tyrosine (Tyr) residues. Selected examples of th ...
... 2.2.1. Lysine and N-Terminus. Despite the general use of nonselective protein modification methods, new chemical tools to access homogeneous proteins for in vitro and in vivo applications have been developed for the modification of natural Cys, Lys, and tyrosine (Tyr) residues. Selected examples of th ...
ARIUS MACULATUS EAST COAST OF INDIA
... Stargazers and some species of Shark, Ratfish, Catfish, Surgeonfish and Blenny are known or suspected to be venomous [1]. The production of toxins by aquatic animals is an important strategy that guarantees its survival in a highly competitive ecosystem. In this way, these animals defend themselves ...
... Stargazers and some species of Shark, Ratfish, Catfish, Surgeonfish and Blenny are known or suspected to be venomous [1]. The production of toxins by aquatic animals is an important strategy that guarantees its survival in a highly competitive ecosystem. In this way, these animals defend themselves ...
Selenocysteine insertion directed by the 3′
... There is a key difference in the location of SECIS elements in bacteria versus archaea and eukaryotes. In known bacterial selenoprotein genes, SECIS elements are located in coding regions immediately downstream of UGA codons such that the distance between UGA and the apical loop of SECIS elements is ...
... There is a key difference in the location of SECIS elements in bacteria versus archaea and eukaryotes. In known bacterial selenoprotein genes, SECIS elements are located in coding regions immediately downstream of UGA codons such that the distance between UGA and the apical loop of SECIS elements is ...
Cleavage, Deprotection and Isolation of Peptides after Fmoc Synthesis
... Cleavage and deprotection is one of the most crucial steps in peptide synthesis. The treatment of a peptidylresin with a cleavage cocktail is not one simple reaction, but a series of competing reactions. Unless suitable reagents and reaction conditions are selected, the peptide can be irreversibly m ...
... Cleavage and deprotection is one of the most crucial steps in peptide synthesis. The treatment of a peptidylresin with a cleavage cocktail is not one simple reaction, but a series of competing reactions. Unless suitable reagents and reaction conditions are selected, the peptide can be irreversibly m ...
Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids
... Corn and soybean meal (SBM) are included in most pig and broiler diets as sources of protein. When corn and SBM are used to supply all of the protein, the diet contains amino acids in excess of the pigs' or broilers' requirements. The balance of amino acids in a given corn-SBM diet is different from ...
... Corn and soybean meal (SBM) are included in most pig and broiler diets as sources of protein. When corn and SBM are used to supply all of the protein, the diet contains amino acids in excess of the pigs' or broilers' requirements. The balance of amino acids in a given corn-SBM diet is different from ...
CHRYSAORA QUINQUECIRRHA) Research Article
... Furthermore, collagen is used as a moisturizer in cosmetic creams [14]. Moisturizers are employed for the therapy of so-called ‘dry skin’. Lipids work by the principle of occlusion, whereas humectants, such as collagen, attract water in the stratum corneum. In contrast to low molecular weight humect ...
... Furthermore, collagen is used as a moisturizer in cosmetic creams [14]. Moisturizers are employed for the therapy of so-called ‘dry skin’. Lipids work by the principle of occlusion, whereas humectants, such as collagen, attract water in the stratum corneum. In contrast to low molecular weight humect ...
Cholesterol Synthesis
... P450 substrates include steroids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylati ...
... P450 substrates include steroids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylati ...
CO2 and O2 Distribution in Rubisco Suggests the
... and O2 occupy existing internal cavities and channels. CO2 migrates through solvent and protein and is found at virtually any location inside Rubisco, although the largest densities of CO2 in any simulation were found just below or around the protein surface. The central solvent channel located on R ...
... and O2 occupy existing internal cavities and channels. CO2 migrates through solvent and protein and is found at virtually any location inside Rubisco, although the largest densities of CO2 in any simulation were found just below or around the protein surface. The central solvent channel located on R ...
Gene Section FST (follistatin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... et al., 1988) the first two, but not the third, are necessary for activin A binding (Keutmann et al., 2004; Harrington et al., 2006). Aside from activins, follistatin also binds several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) including BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 (Iemura et al., 1998; Glister et al., 2004). ...
... et al., 1988) the first two, but not the third, are necessary for activin A binding (Keutmann et al., 2004; Harrington et al., 2006). Aside from activins, follistatin also binds several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) including BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 (Iemura et al., 1998; Glister et al., 2004). ...
Iron mediated methylthiolation of tRNA as a regulator of operon
... using isopropanol-HCl (system 'a') (8) . S-nucleotldes from digests of S-tRNA were characterised by electrophoresis at pH 3.5 ( Whatman 3MM paper (8)). Ap,Cp,Gp,Up and s Up (PL Biochemicals Inc.,USA) were used as markers. Radioactive compounds were obtained from The Radiochemical Centre, Amershara. ...
... using isopropanol-HCl (system 'a') (8) . S-nucleotldes from digests of S-tRNA were characterised by electrophoresis at pH 3.5 ( Whatman 3MM paper (8)). Ap,Cp,Gp,Up and s Up (PL Biochemicals Inc.,USA) were used as markers. Radioactive compounds were obtained from The Radiochemical Centre, Amershara. ...
Costes et al.
... sensitivity of the method was illustrated on simulated data by statistically confirming the existence of true colocalization in images with as little as 3% colocalization. This method was then tested on a large three-dimensional set of fixed cells cotransfected with CFP/YFP pairs of proteins that ei ...
... sensitivity of the method was illustrated on simulated data by statistically confirming the existence of true colocalization in images with as little as 3% colocalization. This method was then tested on a large three-dimensional set of fixed cells cotransfected with CFP/YFP pairs of proteins that ei ...
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND
... other amino acids, through transamination reactions (the reverse of the reaction shown in Fig. 18–4). The amide nitrogen of glutamine is a source of amino groups in a wide range of biosynthetic processes. In most types of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these a ...
... other amino acids, through transamination reactions (the reverse of the reaction shown in Fig. 18–4). The amide nitrogen of glutamine is a source of amino groups in a wide range of biosynthetic processes. In most types of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these a ...
Eukaryote-Like Serine/Threonine Kinases and Phosphatases in
... FIG. 1. Structure of the Ser/Thr kinase catalytic domain. (A) Crystal structure of the mouse PKA catalytic domain in complex with an ATP molecule and an inhibitor peptide (Protein Data Bank [PDB] accession number 1ATP). The PKA N-terminal lobe is shown in gray, and the C-terminal lobe is shown in bl ...
... FIG. 1. Structure of the Ser/Thr kinase catalytic domain. (A) Crystal structure of the mouse PKA catalytic domain in complex with an ATP molecule and an inhibitor peptide (Protein Data Bank [PDB] accession number 1ATP). The PKA N-terminal lobe is shown in gray, and the C-terminal lobe is shown in bl ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.