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David Rittenberg - National Academy of Sciences
David Rittenberg - National Academy of Sciences

... was established. Prophetically, these authors noted that “the number of possible applications of this method appears to be almost unlimited.” Subsequent developments have shown that they were true prophets. In the mid-1930s little was known about the chemical reactions used by living systems to synt ...
University of Groningen Lactococcus lactis systems biology Eckhardt
University of Groningen Lactococcus lactis systems biology Eckhardt

... Transcriptomics is a technology used in molecular biology research to uncover expression profiles of all genes in a specific cell type or in (sub)populations of cells at a given moment in time. The gene and promoter activity is expressed as the number of transcripts or messenger RNAs (mRNAs). With t ...
Solution Structure of the Tandem Acyl Carrier Protein Domains from
Solution Structure of the Tandem Acyl Carrier Protein Domains from

RenalTubularTransportof AminoAcids
RenalTubularTransportof AminoAcids

... held at Sydney Hospital in October ...
The Effect of Amino Acid on the Uptake and Utilization of Tryptophan
The Effect of Amino Acid on the Uptake and Utilization of Tryptophan

... Growth stimulation by casein hydrolysate or certain amino acids at lower concentrations can be seen in Figs. 1-6. However, a t higher concentrations, growth was inhibited. As the concentration of tryptophan in the medium was increased, greater amounts of casein hydrolysate or amino acid were needed ...
Muscle alanine synthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis
Muscle alanine synthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis

... presently not known. Thus both alanine and glutamine released by skeletal muscle will make significant contributions to body glucose formation, although it is only alanine that is involved directly in hepatic gluconeogenesis. ...
Antibody purification handbook
Antibody purification handbook

... Recombinant technology is used increasingly for the manipulation and production of antibodies and their fragments. For antibodies to be most effective when used as a therapeutic agent they should have a long serum half-life, low immunogenicity, a high affinity for the antigen, and be able to neutral ...
DOMAIN-BASED APPROACHES TO
DOMAIN-BASED APPROACHES TO

... ontologies, cross-references to other biological databases…etc.). It also minimizes the redundancy to improve data quality. There are over 13.5 million entries in UniProtKB as of release 2011_01 of 11 January 2011 with 524 420 entries in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and 13 069 501 entries in UniProtKB/TrEMB ...
The Plant Cell - Department of Biology
The Plant Cell - Department of Biology

... full-length KIC cDNA sequence was inserted into pET32a vector, which expresses the KIC protein as an S-tag fusion. The fusion protein is predicted to produce a polypeptide of 33 kD. The expressed proteins were isolated and a polypeptide of 33 kD was detected with S-protein in induced extracts but n ...
Arabidopsis RTM1 and RTM2 Genes Function in Phloem to Restrict
Arabidopsis RTM1 and RTM2 Genes Function in Phloem to Restrict

... remains poorly understood, although it does not involve a hypersensitive response or systemic acquired resistance. A functional characterization of RTM1 and RTM2 was done. The RTM1 protein was found to be soluble with the potential to form self-interacting complexes. The regulatory regions of both t ...
abbs.info - Semantic Scholar
abbs.info - Semantic Scholar

... and spectrum analysis indicated that tryptophan, arginine, cysteine and carboxyl group residues were essential for its hemagglutinating activity. However, they might not be present in the active center, except some carboxyl group residues. AEL also showed significant in vitro antiproliferative activ ...
Life Inside a Microtubule
Life Inside a Microtubule

... polymerization1,23. Several known actin kinases are casein kinase I1,24, cAMPdependent protein kinase (PKA), and calcium/phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PKC)25,26. Casein kinase I phosphorylates actin similar to AFK (targets Thr and Ser residues and is calcium-dependent). PKA and PKC act ...
Metabolic significance of inorganic triphosphate, thiamine
Metabolic significance of inorganic triphosphate, thiamine

... We first studied the tripolyphosphatase activity in mammals and in bacteria and we showed that it is widely distributed in all organisms. We attempted to identify the enzymes responsible for this activity. We showed that the E. coli CYTH enzyme, ygiF, although highly specific for PPPi plays only a m ...
The origin of a derived superkingdom: how a gram
The origin of a derived superkingdom: how a gram

... These differences as well as the rRNA tree have convinced most scientists that the root of the tree of life must be between the prokaryotic superkingdoms. The proposal that archaea were a different kingdom was originally considered ridiculous because no one could imagine two distinct groups of proka ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA

... 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. Th ...
EMD Millipore Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails
EMD Millipore Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails

... and regulatory proteins. Hence, proteins are continuously synthesized and degraded in plant and animal cells and a finely tuned balance exists between their rate of synthesis and breakdown that determines the concentration of any given protein. Protein degradation is an essential process whereby dam ...
Evaluation of Corn Distillers Grains and Ruminally Protected Lysine
Evaluation of Corn Distillers Grains and Ruminally Protected Lysine

Stunned myocardium—an unfinished puzzle
Stunned myocardium—an unfinished puzzle

... myocardial stunning. The role of abnormalities of calcium handling in myocardial stunning has recently been reexamined [13,14]. Kim et al. [13] delineated nicely the difference of calcium handling in stunned myocardium of the swine and the rat. They found decreased calcium transients and slowed rela ...
CH - IS MU
CH - IS MU

... is nonessential and glucogenic – nonessential – synthesis from serine (methionine supplies the sulfur atom) – glucogenic – cysteine is converted into pyruvate (sulfur atom is released as SO32–, HS–, or SCN–) ...
The Vitamin K-dependent Carboxylase*
The Vitamin K-dependent Carboxylase*

... of a VKD blood protein is exemplified by the identification of Hemophilia B patients that have a point mutation at one of these conserved residues (e. g. R –4 N or R –1 S) in the factor IX propeptide (62, 74). In these patients, the mutated factor IX is secreted into the bloodstream with an attached ...
Molecular cloning of Per a 1 and definition of the cross
Molecular cloning of Per a 1 and definition of the cross

... panel of human IgE antibodies showed that the protein expressed by these clones was Per a 1. Sequence homology searches showed that Per a 1 was homologous to 5 previously reported, but unidentified, sequences from B germanica and P americana. These sequences encoded proteins with multiple molecular ...
Study of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) as
Study of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) as

Ornithodoros savignyi CHAPTER 2  SIGNALING PATHWAYS REGULATING PROTEIN SECRETION FROM
Ornithodoros savignyi CHAPTER 2 SIGNALING PATHWAYS REGULATING PROTEIN SECRETION FROM

... SDS-PAGE analysis of the secreted proteins showed variable results in response to different agonists. The highest number of proteins was detected from ticks in the earliest stages of feeding. In some ticks, proteins were identified at one collection time but not at another time in secretions from th ...
Role of branched-chain amino acid transporters in Staphylococcus
Role of branched-chain amino acid transporters in Staphylococcus

Tetrazine−trans-cyclooctene Mediated Conjugation of Antibodies to
Tetrazine−trans-cyclooctene Mediated Conjugation of Antibodies to

... of the bonds under tension19 as well as at high gliding velocities,20 and reduced velocity of transport.21 The noncovalent biotin−streptavidin interaction is short-ranged and reversible, limiting its practical applications: examples are an almost million fold increase in the dissociation constant (K ...
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Protein



Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
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