
12659942_three sites - University of Canterbury
... Tyr binding mode in site 3 In contrast to Tyr binding in site 2, specific interactions with the phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr are established when Tyr binds in site 3: the main-chain carbonyl of Pro16 and a water molecule, which in turn interacts with the backbone amide N–H of Leu261, are located 2.7 and ...
... Tyr binding mode in site 3 In contrast to Tyr binding in site 2, specific interactions with the phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr are established when Tyr binds in site 3: the main-chain carbonyl of Pro16 and a water molecule, which in turn interacts with the backbone amide N–H of Leu261, are located 2.7 and ...
The TN5 Transposon - Biochemistry | UW-Madison
... transposase is a protein that performs multiple complexfunctions. Protein structure/function studies would seek answers to the questions about the organization of the peptide domains that perform these functions and how they interact. The terminal DNAsequences are at first glance simply an exampleof ...
... transposase is a protein that performs multiple complexfunctions. Protein structure/function studies would seek answers to the questions about the organization of the peptide domains that perform these functions and how they interact. The terminal DNAsequences are at first glance simply an exampleof ...
Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) type III
... Galán, 2001) and protecting them from degradation (Frithz-Lindsten et al., 1995), as well as regulating effector expression (Darwin & Miller, 2001). The Salmonella effector SopD is encoded outside SPI-1 and contributes to inflammation and fluid secretion during gastroenteritis in the bovine model o ...
... Galán, 2001) and protecting them from degradation (Frithz-Lindsten et al., 1995), as well as regulating effector expression (Darwin & Miller, 2001). The Salmonella effector SopD is encoded outside SPI-1 and contributes to inflammation and fluid secretion during gastroenteritis in the bovine model o ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation of Ricin A Chain
... chain with arginine slowed down degradation, the introduction of four extra lysyl residues had an opposite effect and converted the ricin A chain to a standard ERAD substrate that is disposed via a process in which dislocation and degradation steps are tightly coupled. ...
... chain with arginine slowed down degradation, the introduction of four extra lysyl residues had an opposite effect and converted the ricin A chain to a standard ERAD substrate that is disposed via a process in which dislocation and degradation steps are tightly coupled. ...
cell biology - Bio
... The overall theme for the book is the cell as the unit of life. We begin (Chapters 1–3) by describing the components of the cell as seen under the microscope. We then (Chapters 4–8) turn to the central dogma of molecular biology and describe how DNA is used to make RNA which in turn is used to make ...
... The overall theme for the book is the cell as the unit of life. We begin (Chapters 1–3) by describing the components of the cell as seen under the microscope. We then (Chapters 4–8) turn to the central dogma of molecular biology and describe how DNA is used to make RNA which in turn is used to make ...
BMP binding domains in the extracellular space
... regulated by the antagonistic interaction between Chordin and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). Chordin, a protein of 120 kDa secreted by Spemann’s organizer (De Robertis and Sasai, 1996) binds to ventral BMPs in the extracellular space, preventing the interaction of BMPs with their receptors (Pic ...
... regulated by the antagonistic interaction between Chordin and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). Chordin, a protein of 120 kDa secreted by Spemann’s organizer (De Robertis and Sasai, 1996) binds to ventral BMPs in the extracellular space, preventing the interaction of BMPs with their receptors (Pic ...
Plant Peroxisomes: Biogenesis and Function
... Arabidopsis PEX10, which is reported to sort either indirectly to peroxisomes via the ER in suspension cells (Flynn et al., 2005) or directly to peroxisomes from the cytosol in leaves (Sparkes et al., 2005), also appears to perform multiple functions, including the biogenesis of ER-derived protein a ...
... Arabidopsis PEX10, which is reported to sort either indirectly to peroxisomes via the ER in suspension cells (Flynn et al., 2005) or directly to peroxisomes from the cytosol in leaves (Sparkes et al., 2005), also appears to perform multiple functions, including the biogenesis of ER-derived protein a ...
Developement of strategies for the isotopic labeling of methyl
... To make an efficient use of the obtained high quality NMR spectra using this protocol, assignment of the methyl groups signals is mandatory. Two strategies were then proposed. The first is suitable for systems whose molecular weight does not exceed 100 kDa. It relies on the use of isotopically linea ...
... To make an efficient use of the obtained high quality NMR spectra using this protocol, assignment of the methyl groups signals is mandatory. Two strategies were then proposed. The first is suitable for systems whose molecular weight does not exceed 100 kDa. It relies on the use of isotopically linea ...
Lewis lung carcinoma regulation of mechanical stretch - AJP-Cell
... anabolic response in skeletal muscle that is important for the maintenance of mass and function (65). Therefore, it is plausible that disease-induced disruptions to mechanical signaling could contribute to muscle wasting. Cultured myotubes respond to chronic or intermittent stretch through increased ...
... anabolic response in skeletal muscle that is important for the maintenance of mass and function (65). Therefore, it is plausible that disease-induced disruptions to mechanical signaling could contribute to muscle wasting. Cultured myotubes respond to chronic or intermittent stretch through increased ...
Defective intestinal amino acid absorption in Ace2 null mice
... AJP-Gastrointest Liver Physiol • doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2012 • www.ajpgi.org ...
... AJP-Gastrointest Liver Physiol • doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2012 • www.ajpgi.org ...
Purification and Properties of the Dictyostelium Calpain
... proteases that function as signal transduction components in a variety of important cellular pathways including sporulation and alkaline adaptation in fungi (1, 2), aleurone cell layer development in plant seeds (3), development of optic lobes in Drosophila melanogaster (4), and sex determination in ...
... proteases that function as signal transduction components in a variety of important cellular pathways including sporulation and alkaline adaptation in fungi (1, 2), aleurone cell layer development in plant seeds (3), development of optic lobes in Drosophila melanogaster (4), and sex determination in ...
PROTEIN-LIPID INTERPLAY IN FUSION AND FISSION OF
... bending of the membrane and tilt of the hydrocarbon chains (Figure 2A–C). It is convenient to characterize bending of a monolayer by the curvatures of a plane lying inside the monolayer close to the interface between the polar heads and the hydrocarbon chains of the lipids (Figure 2A, dashed lines) ...
... bending of the membrane and tilt of the hydrocarbon chains (Figure 2A–C). It is convenient to characterize bending of a monolayer by the curvatures of a plane lying inside the monolayer close to the interface between the polar heads and the hydrocarbon chains of the lipids (Figure 2A, dashed lines) ...
Expanding roles of protein kinase CK2 in regulating plant growth
... Post-translational modification of proteins is a mechanism used in eukaryotic systems to regulate protein function and stability. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications. This mechanism is advantageous to the cells as it is reversible. ...
... Post-translational modification of proteins is a mechanism used in eukaryotic systems to regulate protein function and stability. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications. This mechanism is advantageous to the cells as it is reversible. ...
Cloning vectors for the expression of green fluorescent protein
... resolution of this assay is sufficient for distinguishing nuclear from non-nuclear localization. On the other hand, indirect immunofluorescence detection provides a high spatial resolution, but relies on specific antibodies, and requires fixation combined with either tissue sectioning or digestion o ...
... resolution of this assay is sufficient for distinguishing nuclear from non-nuclear localization. On the other hand, indirect immunofluorescence detection provides a high spatial resolution, but relies on specific antibodies, and requires fixation combined with either tissue sectioning or digestion o ...
A Raman spectroscopic study of the interaction between nucleotides
... An oligonucleotide binding mode can be distinguished from a polynucleotide binding mode by a decreased salt dependence of the effective binding constant This fact, together with an increased mobility of the for oligon~cleotides.~ C-terminal end5 of the protein upon complex formation, indicates a cha ...
... An oligonucleotide binding mode can be distinguished from a polynucleotide binding mode by a decreased salt dependence of the effective binding constant This fact, together with an increased mobility of the for oligon~cleotides.~ C-terminal end5 of the protein upon complex formation, indicates a cha ...
Identification and Structural Characterization of the ATP/ADP
... highly twisted eight-stranded b sheet covered on one face by a helices. The quaternary structures of the human and yeast N-domains observed in the crystals are, however, quite different. The yeast N-domain crystallizes as a dimer in which the C-terminal b strands of the sheets in each monomer make a ...
... highly twisted eight-stranded b sheet covered on one face by a helices. The quaternary structures of the human and yeast N-domains observed in the crystals are, however, quite different. The yeast N-domain crystallizes as a dimer in which the C-terminal b strands of the sheets in each monomer make a ...
Yeast secretory expression of insulin precursors
... targeted to secretory granules. Enzymatic conversion of proinsulin to insulin occurs within acidifying secretory granules where the pro-peptide (C-peptide) is removed. Two mammalian functional equivalents of the S. cerevisiae Kex2 endoprotease PC1 (or PC3) and PC2 cleave proinsulin at dibasic proces ...
... targeted to secretory granules. Enzymatic conversion of proinsulin to insulin occurs within acidifying secretory granules where the pro-peptide (C-peptide) is removed. Two mammalian functional equivalents of the S. cerevisiae Kex2 endoprotease PC1 (or PC3) and PC2 cleave proinsulin at dibasic proces ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... material, such as intracellular bacteria, in a selective manner. While the exact mechanism of bacterial recognition by autophagy is unknown, ubiquitination is clearly involved [6]. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification in which ubiquitin, an 8.5 kDa protein consisting of 76 amino acids, ...
... material, such as intracellular bacteria, in a selective manner. While the exact mechanism of bacterial recognition by autophagy is unknown, ubiquitination is clearly involved [6]. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification in which ubiquitin, an 8.5 kDa protein consisting of 76 amino acids, ...
Comparative Analysis of ,Multiple Protein
... of homologues, and (3) the phylogenetic reconstruction method that cannot find the functional motifs that are of the evolutionary history of homologues. highly conservedthroughout a given protein family has Many multiple sequence alignment programs and diminished value for detecting new biologically ...
... of homologues, and (3) the phylogenetic reconstruction method that cannot find the functional motifs that are of the evolutionary history of homologues. highly conservedthroughout a given protein family has Many multiple sequence alignment programs and diminished value for detecting new biologically ...
from dicp.ac.cn
... CK2, in vitro kinase assays were carried out using a series of recombinant MSK1 proteins. MSK1 could be phosphorylated by CK2 in its C-terminal kinase domain. CK2α interacted only with the C-terminal kinase domain of MSK1, consistent with the location of the phosphorylated sequences. Five sites (Ser ...
... CK2, in vitro kinase assays were carried out using a series of recombinant MSK1 proteins. MSK1 could be phosphorylated by CK2 in its C-terminal kinase domain. CK2α interacted only with the C-terminal kinase domain of MSK1, consistent with the location of the phosphorylated sequences. Five sites (Ser ...
Regulators of Ubiquitin Dependent Protein Degradation in the
... split into two independent open reading frames encoding the N- and C-terminal part (candA-N, candA-C) of the mammalian homolog. Deletion of the single or both candA genes leads to mutants with identical phenotypes. They produce only few asexual spores, are blocked in early sexual development and app ...
... split into two independent open reading frames encoding the N- and C-terminal part (candA-N, candA-C) of the mammalian homolog. Deletion of the single or both candA genes leads to mutants with identical phenotypes. They produce only few asexual spores, are blocked in early sexual development and app ...
Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
... has been found in all metazoans, as well as in some bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi [3–7]. O-GlcNAcylation is distinct from traditional glycosylation in that it is restricted to the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria and it is not extended into complex elongated structures; it also exhibits p ...
... has been found in all metazoans, as well as in some bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi [3–7]. O-GlcNAcylation is distinct from traditional glycosylation in that it is restricted to the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria and it is not extended into complex elongated structures; it also exhibits p ...
Ph.D. Thesis Azar Shahpiri
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
1. 1. Overview of Bioorganic Chemistry
... bacterial cells through five hydrogen bonds. The vancomycin is lethal to the bacteria since once it has bound to these particular peptides they are unable to be used to construct the bacteria‘s cell wall. Therefore, the composite term, biophysical organic chemistry, has been used as a detailed descr ...
... bacterial cells through five hydrogen bonds. The vancomycin is lethal to the bacteria since once it has bound to these particular peptides they are unable to be used to construct the bacteria‘s cell wall. Therefore, the composite term, biophysical organic chemistry, has been used as a detailed descr ...
Protein

Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.