Purification of Arrestin from Bovine Retinas
... It has been reported that bovine arrestin may contain lipids and carbohydrate moieties, covalently attached to the protein (for review, see Ref. 22). It was also reported that arrestin can be modified substoichiometrically by phosphorylation, presumably by protein kinase C (23). Mass spectroscopic a ...
... It has been reported that bovine arrestin may contain lipids and carbohydrate moieties, covalently attached to the protein (for review, see Ref. 22). It was also reported that arrestin can be modified substoichiometrically by phosphorylation, presumably by protein kinase C (23). Mass spectroscopic a ...
RNA-binding proteins and RNA metabolism: a new scenario in the
... (about 70-nucleotides long), which are exported to the cytoplasm where they are then processed in mature miRNA by the Dicer complex (Rana, 2007). miRNA molecules are able to bind mRNA targets and negatively regulate their expression level or their translation (Nilsen, 2007; Pillai et al., 2007; Stan ...
... (about 70-nucleotides long), which are exported to the cytoplasm where they are then processed in mature miRNA by the Dicer complex (Rana, 2007). miRNA molecules are able to bind mRNA targets and negatively regulate their expression level or their translation (Nilsen, 2007; Pillai et al., 2007; Stan ...
Characters of Chymosin Gene Isolated from Different Animal A. G. Attallah
... pre sequence [2 1 ] is a signal sequence which is important in secretion of chymosin across the cell membranes. This is followed by a 42 amino acid pro sequence (Fig.1). It has long been known that chymosin is secreted as an inactive zymogene called prochymosin ...
... pre sequence [2 1 ] is a signal sequence which is important in secretion of chymosin across the cell membranes. This is followed by a 42 amino acid pro sequence (Fig.1). It has long been known that chymosin is secreted as an inactive zymogene called prochymosin ...
PDF - Geoff McFadden`s Lab
... is predicted to be targeted to the apicoplast (online TABLE S1), which strongly indicates that the Plasmodium apicoplast imports PEP. In plant plastids, PEP is converted to pyruvate by a pyruvate kinase, yielding ATP24. The P. falciparum genome project has revealed a predicted apicoplast-targeted py ...
... is predicted to be targeted to the apicoplast (online TABLE S1), which strongly indicates that the Plasmodium apicoplast imports PEP. In plant plastids, PEP is converted to pyruvate by a pyruvate kinase, yielding ATP24. The P. falciparum genome project has revealed a predicted apicoplast-targeted py ...
Chloroplast envelope membranes: a dynamic interface between
... membranes and this confers to the envelope membranes a low density. The outer envelope membrane has the highest lipid to protein ratio among plant cells membranes (2.5 to 3 mg lipids/mg proteins), and this is responsible for its very low density (1.08 g/cm3, Block et al. 1983a). The lipid to protein ...
... membranes and this confers to the envelope membranes a low density. The outer envelope membrane has the highest lipid to protein ratio among plant cells membranes (2.5 to 3 mg lipids/mg proteins), and this is responsible for its very low density (1.08 g/cm3, Block et al. 1983a). The lipid to protein ...
Introduction to Bioinformatics
... • vary by side chain groups • Hydrophilic amino acids are water soluable • Hydrophobic are not • Linked via a single chemical bond (peptide bond) • Peptide: Short linear chain of amino acids (< 30) polypeptide: long chain of amino acids (which can be upwards of 4000 residues long). ...
... • vary by side chain groups • Hydrophilic amino acids are water soluable • Hydrophobic are not • Linked via a single chemical bond (peptide bond) • Peptide: Short linear chain of amino acids (< 30) polypeptide: long chain of amino acids (which can be upwards of 4000 residues long). ...
Modeling Multi-typed Structurally Viewed Chemicals with the UMLS
... hydrolysis reaction) that undoes the original reaction used in the conjugate’s creation. On the other hand, mixtures are made of two or more chemicals, where the chemicals are not joined by covalent bonds. Therefore, they can be mixed at different proportions (i.e., the composition can be varied). W ...
... hydrolysis reaction) that undoes the original reaction used in the conjugate’s creation. On the other hand, mixtures are made of two or more chemicals, where the chemicals are not joined by covalent bonds. Therefore, they can be mixed at different proportions (i.e., the composition can be varied). W ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... necessary to regenerate or/and replenish AdoCbl and NAD+ within the Pdu MCPs. Recent crystallography studies suggested that some Pdu MCP shell proteins, such as PduA, T and U, have pores that may mediate the transport of enzyme substrates/cofactors across the MCP shell. However, it’s possible that t ...
... necessary to regenerate or/and replenish AdoCbl and NAD+ within the Pdu MCPs. Recent crystallography studies suggested that some Pdu MCP shell proteins, such as PduA, T and U, have pores that may mediate the transport of enzyme substrates/cofactors across the MCP shell. However, it’s possible that t ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
... ability to interact with the beads. This result was also confirmed using purified GlnK (data not shown). Co-purification of AmtB6H and GlnK from GT1000(pJT6) extracts was also demonstrated using Ni2⫹ affinity chromatography (data not shown). These results confirm that AmtB interacts with GlnK in viv ...
... ability to interact with the beads. This result was also confirmed using purified GlnK (data not shown). Co-purification of AmtB6H and GlnK from GT1000(pJT6) extracts was also demonstrated using Ni2⫹ affinity chromatography (data not shown). These results confirm that AmtB interacts with GlnK in viv ...
OMPROT PP2 ver4 - Plant Physiology
... undergo fusion, fission and rapid movements, suggesting a dynamic interaction with components of the cytoskeleton (Sheahan et al., 2004; Sheahan et al., 2005; Logan, 2010). However, many of the specific proteins that mediate such processes remain unknown. While mitochondria do play a central role in ...
... undergo fusion, fission and rapid movements, suggesting a dynamic interaction with components of the cytoskeleton (Sheahan et al., 2004; Sheahan et al., 2005; Logan, 2010). However, many of the specific proteins that mediate such processes remain unknown. While mitochondria do play a central role in ...
Direct interaction of iron-regulated surface
... Bacteria interact with receptors on the platelet surface either directly or indirectly through bridging molecules such as fibrinogen. Initial adhesion of bacteria to platelets Abbreviations: GFP, gel-filtered platelets; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; WP, washed platelets. ...
... Bacteria interact with receptors on the platelet surface either directly or indirectly through bridging molecules such as fibrinogen. Initial adhesion of bacteria to platelets Abbreviations: GFP, gel-filtered platelets; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; WP, washed platelets. ...
Solid-phase classical complement activation by C
... serum (s-CRP 4 mg/L) with/without EGTA, or in normal serum supplemented with CRP (sCRP 75 mg/L). Figure 1a illustrates the total serum protein deposition onto the different surfaces whereas 1b shows anti-C3c-binding after the serum incubations in each case. Apparently, the IgG-coated surfaces activa ...
... serum (s-CRP 4 mg/L) with/without EGTA, or in normal serum supplemented with CRP (sCRP 75 mg/L). Figure 1a illustrates the total serum protein deposition onto the different surfaces whereas 1b shows anti-C3c-binding after the serum incubations in each case. Apparently, the IgG-coated surfaces activa ...
Recent Advances Towards New Anti-Infective Agents that Inhibit
... amino acid), a hydrophobic domain, and a tail of mostly positively charged residues. The charged amino acids at the C-terminal end of the CWS are believed to prevent the protein from being released into the extracellular milieu. (3) The partially exported protein is then processed by the SrtA sortas ...
... amino acid), a hydrophobic domain, and a tail of mostly positively charged residues. The charged amino acids at the C-terminal end of the CWS are believed to prevent the protein from being released into the extracellular milieu. (3) The partially exported protein is then processed by the SrtA sortas ...
αII-Spectrin interacts with Tes and EVL, two actin
... interactions, defining the multiple physiological functions of spectrins. Functions of the spectrin-based skeleton are well-defined in red blood cells where it is required for shape maintenance, for resistance to shear stress and for deformability. However, the functions of the more complex spectrin ...
... interactions, defining the multiple physiological functions of spectrins. Functions of the spectrin-based skeleton are well-defined in red blood cells where it is required for shape maintenance, for resistance to shear stress and for deformability. However, the functions of the more complex spectrin ...
BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL ATPase Studies on
... binding of F 1 to mitochondrial membrane and thus is one of the components which are essential for cold-stable and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase. The activity of OSCP increases during glucose derepression two to three fold as shown by reconstitution experiments with OSCP-enriched fractions [11]. The e ...
... binding of F 1 to mitochondrial membrane and thus is one of the components which are essential for cold-stable and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase. The activity of OSCP increases during glucose derepression two to three fold as shown by reconstitution experiments with OSCP-enriched fractions [11]. The e ...
Quality control in tRNA charging — editing of homocysteine
... LysRS, ProRS, PheRS, and ThrRS are less accurate and have the ability to misactivate non-cognate amino acids (reaction 1). Misactivation occurs because there is a limited scope for structural variation among related amino acids. Pauling first recognized this problem in 1957, well before the mechanis ...
... LysRS, ProRS, PheRS, and ThrRS are less accurate and have the ability to misactivate non-cognate amino acids (reaction 1). Misactivation occurs because there is a limited scope for structural variation among related amino acids. Pauling first recognized this problem in 1957, well before the mechanis ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... specific cargoes such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and ribosomes, and protein aggregates. Selective autophagy is mediated by autophagy cargo receptors that bind cargo earmarked with degradation signals, most commonly ubiquitin in mammals, through their ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD). These receptors ...
... specific cargoes such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and ribosomes, and protein aggregates. Selective autophagy is mediated by autophagy cargo receptors that bind cargo earmarked with degradation signals, most commonly ubiquitin in mammals, through their ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD). These receptors ...
Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of
... and is common to all ciliates. If the latter is true, it could explain the high propensity of ciliates to stop codon reassignment. The difference in genetic codes among ciliates would depend primarily on the availability of specific tRNAs for recognition of stop codons when those occur in internal p ...
... and is common to all ciliates. If the latter is true, it could explain the high propensity of ciliates to stop codon reassignment. The difference in genetic codes among ciliates would depend primarily on the availability of specific tRNAs for recognition of stop codons when those occur in internal p ...
Full-Text PDF
... of chromosomal replication (oriC) in E. coli [49,50] (see section 7). The molar ratios of membrane phospholipids appears to change as cells pass from exponential growth into stationary phase [51,52] and recent work shows that depletion of cellular acidic phospholipids leads to under initiation of re ...
... of chromosomal replication (oriC) in E. coli [49,50] (see section 7). The molar ratios of membrane phospholipids appears to change as cells pass from exponential growth into stationary phase [51,52] and recent work shows that depletion of cellular acidic phospholipids leads to under initiation of re ...
original version
... of chromosomal replication (oriC) in E. coli [49,50] (see section 7). The molar ratios of membrane phospholipids appears to change as cells pass from exponential growth into stationary phase [51,52] and recent work shows that depletion of cellular acidic phospholipids leads to under initiation of re ...
... of chromosomal replication (oriC) in E. coli [49,50] (see section 7). The molar ratios of membrane phospholipids appears to change as cells pass from exponential growth into stationary phase [51,52] and recent work shows that depletion of cellular acidic phospholipids leads to under initiation of re ...
Molecular Record – evidence for common ancestry
... Molecular Record – evidence for common ancestry Scientists can examine the amino acid sequences of particular protein molecules found in vertebrates to determine the degree of similarity between vertebrate species. Even organisms that appear to have few physical similarities may have similar sequenc ...
... Molecular Record – evidence for common ancestry Scientists can examine the amino acid sequences of particular protein molecules found in vertebrates to determine the degree of similarity between vertebrate species. Even organisms that appear to have few physical similarities may have similar sequenc ...
Identification of proteins localized to the contractile vacuole of
... Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium-containing organelles present in eukaryotes. Those organelles are involved in RVD and change their polyphosphate (polyP) and ionic content following osmotic changes (Docampo et al. 2005). According to a recently proposed RVD mechanism for T. cruzi, an aquaporin is ...
... Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium-containing organelles present in eukaryotes. Those organelles are involved in RVD and change their polyphosphate (polyP) and ionic content following osmotic changes (Docampo et al. 2005). According to a recently proposed RVD mechanism for T. cruzi, an aquaporin is ...
Reconstitution of an Allophycocyanin Trimer Complex Containing
... er polypeptides an d for reconstitution o f biliprotein-linker com plexes has been introduced and a p plied to the reconstitution o f (a APß A P ) 3 and of (a APß A P ) 3 • L c 8 9 (G o ttsch alk et al., 1993). D uring this w ork, a n o th e r reconstituted com plex, (a APßAP)3-2 1 -2 3 k D a , ha ...
... er polypeptides an d for reconstitution o f biliprotein-linker com plexes has been introduced and a p plied to the reconstitution o f (a APß A P ) 3 and of (a APß A P ) 3 • L c 8 9 (G o ttsch alk et al., 1993). D uring this w ork, a n o th e r reconstituted com plex, (a APßAP)3-2 1 -2 3 k D a , ha ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.