A conserved N-‐terminal domain of Rif2 regulates telomere length in
... Telomere sequence DNA repeats are bound by a set of proteins that mediate two essential functions; first to protect the ends from degradation, recombination, and initiation of a damage response, and second ...
... Telomere sequence DNA repeats are bound by a set of proteins that mediate two essential functions; first to protect the ends from degradation, recombination, and initiation of a damage response, and second ...
Characterising Non-Structural Protein NS4 of African Horse Sickness Virus
... icosahedrally symmetric particles. Major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 comprise the outermost capsid layer of the virion, enclosing the double-layered core particle [10,11]. The core surface layer is composed of VP7 trimers, while the innermost shell is a lattice of VP3 dimers. Inside this shell, ...
... icosahedrally symmetric particles. Major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 comprise the outermost capsid layer of the virion, enclosing the double-layered core particle [10,11]. The core surface layer is composed of VP7 trimers, while the innermost shell is a lattice of VP3 dimers. Inside this shell, ...
Conformational changes in actin–myosin isoforms probed by Ni(II
... Crucial information concerning conformational changes that occur during the mechanochemical cycle of actin– myosin complexes is lacking due to the difficulties encountered in obtaining their three-dimensional structures. To obtain such information, we employed a solution-based approach through the re ...
... Crucial information concerning conformational changes that occur during the mechanochemical cycle of actin– myosin complexes is lacking due to the difficulties encountered in obtaining their three-dimensional structures. To obtain such information, we employed a solution-based approach through the re ...
Pericentriolar material structure and dynamics
... similarity among PCM organizing proteins was an abundance of coiled-coil domains [13–18]. The coiled-coil motif consists of intertwined a-helices and is known to mediate protein–protein interactions [19]. Thus, it was proposed that these numerous coiled-coil domains could mediate robust inter-molecu ...
... similarity among PCM organizing proteins was an abundance of coiled-coil domains [13–18]. The coiled-coil motif consists of intertwined a-helices and is known to mediate protein–protein interactions [19]. Thus, it was proposed that these numerous coiled-coil domains could mediate robust inter-molecu ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... Embryos were mounted on agarose pads as described previously [18]. In this method, applying a coverslip flattens the upper surface of each embryo (Figure 1; see the Experimental Procedures). Focusing near the coverslip allowed the simultaneous imaging of both the anterior and posterior cortex, where ...
... Embryos were mounted on agarose pads as described previously [18]. In this method, applying a coverslip flattens the upper surface of each embryo (Figure 1; see the Experimental Procedures). Focusing near the coverslip allowed the simultaneous imaging of both the anterior and posterior cortex, where ...
Assembling the Presynaptic Active Zone: A Characterization of an
... 30 min after the initial axodendritic contact (VardinonFriedman et al., 2000; see also Ahmari et al., 2000). In contrast, the recruitment of glutamate receptors, presumably to the postsynaptic compartment, seems to be delayed on average by another 40 min (VardinonFriedman et al., 2000). These studie ...
... 30 min after the initial axodendritic contact (VardinonFriedman et al., 2000; see also Ahmari et al., 2000). In contrast, the recruitment of glutamate receptors, presumably to the postsynaptic compartment, seems to be delayed on average by another 40 min (VardinonFriedman et al., 2000). These studie ...
Chemical characterization and in situ nutrient degradability of wet
... acid composition, ruminal escape protein and amino acid values, and ruminal nutrient degradability of BDG were determined relative to wheat-based distillers' grains (WDG) derived from 100% wheat. On a dry matter (DM) basis, BDG contained 743 g kgÿ1 neutral (NDF) and 311 g kgÿ1 acid (ADF) detergent ® ...
... acid composition, ruminal escape protein and amino acid values, and ruminal nutrient degradability of BDG were determined relative to wheat-based distillers' grains (WDG) derived from 100% wheat. On a dry matter (DM) basis, BDG contained 743 g kgÿ1 neutral (NDF) and 311 g kgÿ1 acid (ADF) detergent ® ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome
... organism or a cell in a condition-independent manner and can give rise to multiple condition-specific metabolic models. Consequently, recent COBRA modeling efforts have focused on generating cell-type specific metabolic models using cell-type and condition-specific data (e.g., transcriptomic and met ...
... organism or a cell in a condition-independent manner and can give rise to multiple condition-specific metabolic models. Consequently, recent COBRA modeling efforts have focused on generating cell-type specific metabolic models using cell-type and condition-specific data (e.g., transcriptomic and met ...
Actin Filaments Play a Critical Role in Vacuolar
... INTRODUCTION In eukaryotic cells, a large number of proteins are targeted after translation to specific organelles by a process called intracellular trafficking. This targeting process is quite complex and involves many different pathways depending on the organelle involved (Rothman, 1994; Hawes et ...
... INTRODUCTION In eukaryotic cells, a large number of proteins are targeted after translation to specific organelles by a process called intracellular trafficking. This targeting process is quite complex and involves many different pathways depending on the organelle involved (Rothman, 1994; Hawes et ...
Structure and function of haemoglobin: II. Some
... Residues are defined here as invariant when they occur at structurally identical sites in all the normal myoglobins and haemoglobins so far investigated. Abnormal haemoglobins have been excluded, because some of their abnormalities interfere with the oxygen-combining function, so that the protein ca ...
... Residues are defined here as invariant when they occur at structurally identical sites in all the normal myoglobins and haemoglobins so far investigated. Abnormal haemoglobins have been excluded, because some of their abnormalities interfere with the oxygen-combining function, so that the protein ca ...
Chapter 25 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... Amino acids in which the two functional groups are separated by exactly one carbon atom are called _______ amino acids. Amino acids are coupled together by amide linkages called ____________ bonds. Relatively short chains of amino acids are called ___________. Only twenty amino acids are abundantly ...
... Amino acids in which the two functional groups are separated by exactly one carbon atom are called _______ amino acids. Amino acids are coupled together by amide linkages called ____________ bonds. Relatively short chains of amino acids are called ___________. Only twenty amino acids are abundantly ...
The Multiple Personalities of the Regulatory Subunit of Protein
... As the regulatory subunit of a protein kinase that has functions associated with cell cycle progression, CK2β is reminiscent of cyclins that are the regulatory subunits of cyclin-dependent kinases. In a related respect, it is particularly intriguing that CK2β has motifs that have been previously cha ...
... As the regulatory subunit of a protein kinase that has functions associated with cell cycle progression, CK2β is reminiscent of cyclins that are the regulatory subunits of cyclin-dependent kinases. In a related respect, it is particularly intriguing that CK2β has motifs that have been previously cha ...
Transport proteins regulate the flux of metabolites and cofactors
... transmembrane domains and two ABC. The energy from the ATP hydrolysis drives the transport of various molecules across the membrane, often against concentration gradients (Higgins, ...
... transmembrane domains and two ABC. The energy from the ATP hydrolysis drives the transport of various molecules across the membrane, often against concentration gradients (Higgins, ...
Protein Cleavage Due to Pro-oxidative Activity in Some Spices
... Protein content examined by Bradford method also decreased with time to 70-80% during the 24-h incubation, compared to the control. These corresponded with the results from the free amino group analysis where the free amino groups increased 20-40% at the end of the incubation. Effect of Mannitol as ...
... Protein content examined by Bradford method also decreased with time to 70-80% during the 24-h incubation, compared to the control. These corresponded with the results from the free amino group analysis where the free amino groups increased 20-40% at the end of the incubation. Effect of Mannitol as ...
Motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily
... positioning and chemistry in the active site, imply that kinesins and myosins have evolved from an ancestral motor protein. An evolutionary connection to G-proteins is more tenuous; however, the shared structural, functional and chemical features of motors and these GTPases hint that an ancestral nu ...
... positioning and chemistry in the active site, imply that kinesins and myosins have evolved from an ancestral motor protein. An evolutionary connection to G-proteins is more tenuous; however, the shared structural, functional and chemical features of motors and these GTPases hint that an ancestral nu ...
Resistance of Helicoverpa armigera to Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus
... insects have developed resistance to all the different chemical insecticides used today, diverse resistance management strategies have been recommended the world over to contain the resistance development risk, which includes use of B. thuringiensis and non-B. thuringiensis crop mixtures either as p ...
... insects have developed resistance to all the different chemical insecticides used today, diverse resistance management strategies have been recommended the world over to contain the resistance development risk, which includes use of B. thuringiensis and non-B. thuringiensis crop mixtures either as p ...
Amino acid regulation of mTORC1 Liron Bar-Peled
... David Sabatini is everything I could have asked for in a mentor: insightful, adventurous, creative, meticulous and frank. My meetings with David were usually impromptu and happened at my bench. While they would begin with science (where his infectious curiosity is evident) they would often meander i ...
... David Sabatini is everything I could have asked for in a mentor: insightful, adventurous, creative, meticulous and frank. My meetings with David were usually impromptu and happened at my bench. While they would begin with science (where his infectious curiosity is evident) they would often meander i ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... increasing evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin systems, we would like to highlight two important distinctions. First, autophagy generates energy in its degradation of macromolecules, while the proteasome system consumes ATP in the degradation pro ...
... increasing evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin systems, we would like to highlight two important distinctions. First, autophagy generates energy in its degradation of macromolecules, while the proteasome system consumes ATP in the degradation pro ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex of some plants (Long et al. 1995; Robinson et al. 1996) and T. cruzi (Scott et al. 1998; Martinez et al. 2002). The V-Hþ-PPase of Toxoplasma gondii has been found in a vacuolar compartment involved in microneme protein maturation (Harper et al. 2006), while ...
... the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex of some plants (Long et al. 1995; Robinson et al. 1996) and T. cruzi (Scott et al. 1998; Martinez et al. 2002). The V-Hþ-PPase of Toxoplasma gondii has been found in a vacuolar compartment involved in microneme protein maturation (Harper et al. 2006), while ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex of some plants (Long et al. 1995; Robinson et al. 1996) and T. cruzi (Scott et al. 1998; Martinez et al. 2002). The V-Hþ-PPase of Toxoplasma gondii has been found in a vacuolar compartment involved in microneme protein maturation (Harper et al. 2006), while ...
... the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex of some plants (Long et al. 1995; Robinson et al. 1996) and T. cruzi (Scott et al. 1998; Martinez et al. 2002). The V-Hþ-PPase of Toxoplasma gondii has been found in a vacuolar compartment involved in microneme protein maturation (Harper et al. 2006), while ...
Chapter 2 Immobilization of Enzymes
... into the solution upon use. However, in order to achieve high levels of bound activity, the amino acid residues essential for catalytic activity must not be involved in the covalent linkage to the support, and this may prove a difficult requirement to fulfill in some cases. A simple procedure that s ...
... into the solution upon use. However, in order to achieve high levels of bound activity, the amino acid residues essential for catalytic activity must not be involved in the covalent linkage to the support, and this may prove a difficult requirement to fulfill in some cases. A simple procedure that s ...
Identification and analysis of new phloem proteins from
... The organelles that can be found in mature SE (mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum) appear to be anchored to a membrane system that probably also protects some of the SE proteins from the bulk flow (Ehlers et al., 2000). The ER in SE is modified and is proposed to function as a rail system ...
... The organelles that can be found in mature SE (mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum) appear to be anchored to a membrane system that probably also protects some of the SE proteins from the bulk flow (Ehlers et al., 2000). The ER in SE is modified and is proposed to function as a rail system ...
The TN5 Transposon - Biochemistry | UW-Madison
... transposase is a protein that performs multiple complexfunctions. Protein structure/function studies would seek answers to the questions about the organization of the peptide domains that perform these functions and how they interact. The terminal DNAsequences are at first glance simply an exampleof ...
... transposase is a protein that performs multiple complexfunctions. Protein structure/function studies would seek answers to the questions about the organization of the peptide domains that perform these functions and how they interact. The terminal DNAsequences are at first glance simply an exampleof ...
effect of arsenic stress on amino acid profile
... study by Mishra and Dubey (2006) on rice showed enhanced free proline content on increasing concentrations of arsenite which has also been observed in this study. On the other hand free to bound ratio of proline was more enhanced in HARG corresponding to As accumulation suggesting release from prote ...
... study by Mishra and Dubey (2006) on rice showed enhanced free proline content on increasing concentrations of arsenite which has also been observed in this study. On the other hand free to bound ratio of proline was more enhanced in HARG corresponding to As accumulation suggesting release from prote ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.