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Acetyl CoA
... acetoacetate. 4. Reduction of acetoacetate yields D-bhydroxybutyrate (do not confuse with L- bhydroxybutyrate of the boxidation pathway). 5. Acetoacetate is easily decarboxylated (may be spontaneously or enzymatically) to acetone and CO2. ...
... acetoacetate. 4. Reduction of acetoacetate yields D-bhydroxybutyrate (do not confuse with L- bhydroxybutyrate of the boxidation pathway). 5. Acetoacetate is easily decarboxylated (may be spontaneously or enzymatically) to acetone and CO2. ...
Mitochondria
... following the metabolism of a piece of bread after it’s eaten. The primary component of ...
... following the metabolism of a piece of bread after it’s eaten. The primary component of ...
KEY
... Repression of photosystem II; i.e. no oxygen evolution Thick walls limit diffusion of oxygen. ...
... Repression of photosystem II; i.e. no oxygen evolution Thick walls limit diffusion of oxygen. ...
Chapter 1: Prelude
... phosphat. Major phosphoglycerides are derivates of this molecule. In glycolipids, one or more sugars are attached to the primary hydroxil group of the sphingosine backbone. Cholesterol is a key regulator of membrane fluidity: it prevents fatty acid chains to form rigid agglomerations by fitting betw ...
... phosphat. Major phosphoglycerides are derivates of this molecule. In glycolipids, one or more sugars are attached to the primary hydroxil group of the sphingosine backbone. Cholesterol is a key regulator of membrane fluidity: it prevents fatty acid chains to form rigid agglomerations by fitting betw ...
File
... uncharged since the glucosidase-catalyzed reaction is not phosphorylytic. This means that theoretically glycogenolysis occurring in skeletal muscle could generate free glucose which could enter the blood stream. However, the activity of hexokinase in muscle is so high that any free glucose is immedi ...
... uncharged since the glucosidase-catalyzed reaction is not phosphorylytic. This means that theoretically glycogenolysis occurring in skeletal muscle could generate free glucose which could enter the blood stream. However, the activity of hexokinase in muscle is so high that any free glucose is immedi ...
Biology Chp 7 Notes
... a. Many dairy products are produced from lactic acid fermentation b. Also occurs in your muscle cells during strenuous exercise 1. when oxygen can’t be delivered fast enough, lactic acid fermentation occurs 2. lactic acid builds up in muscle cells making them sore 3. eventually it is removed by the ...
... a. Many dairy products are produced from lactic acid fermentation b. Also occurs in your muscle cells during strenuous exercise 1. when oxygen can’t be delivered fast enough, lactic acid fermentation occurs 2. lactic acid builds up in muscle cells making them sore 3. eventually it is removed by the ...
2 ATP - Hobbs High School
... back to pyruvate and reprocesses it via aerobic respiration (O2 recovery) NOTE: Fermentation includes glycolysis. The NADH created during glycolysis must be recycled to continue respiration. The NADH reduces the organic compound present (ethanol or lactic acid) in order to regenerate NAD+. ...
... back to pyruvate and reprocesses it via aerobic respiration (O2 recovery) NOTE: Fermentation includes glycolysis. The NADH created during glycolysis must be recycled to continue respiration. The NADH reduces the organic compound present (ethanol or lactic acid) in order to regenerate NAD+. ...
Fermentation
... organism. In fact, in many cases, the end products of fermentation are further metabolized to produce usable energy, either by the organism that produced them, or by another organism. ...
... organism. In fact, in many cases, the end products of fermentation are further metabolized to produce usable energy, either by the organism that produced them, or by another organism. ...
Energy Metabolism - 35-206-202
... If the fatty acids cannot enter the citric acid cylce the cannot be completely broken down and form Ketones. Eventually our body can turn these ketones into Acetyl-CoA which can then finally enter the citric acid cycle. • This process is called ketogenesis • Ketosis in Diabetes Mellitus • Ketosis in ...
... If the fatty acids cannot enter the citric acid cylce the cannot be completely broken down and form Ketones. Eventually our body can turn these ketones into Acetyl-CoA which can then finally enter the citric acid cycle. • This process is called ketogenesis • Ketosis in Diabetes Mellitus • Ketosis in ...
Glycogen!Metabolism! ! Glycogen$→!Principal!storage!form!of
... activated!bc!more!energy!is!needed! o ATP!and!G6P!inhibit!glycogen!phosphorylase!(enhance!the!T!conformation)! ! ∴!glycogen!breakdown!is!inhibited!when!ATP!and!glucose=6= phosphate!are!plentiful!! o Glycogen!synthase!is!activated!by!G6P!(opposite!to!its!effect!on!glycogen! Phosphorylase)!! ! i.e.!gl ...
... activated!bc!more!energy!is!needed! o ATP!and!G6P!inhibit!glycogen!phosphorylase!(enhance!the!T!conformation)! ! ∴!glycogen!breakdown!is!inhibited!when!ATP!and!glucose=6= phosphate!are!plentiful!! o Glycogen!synthase!is!activated!by!G6P!(opposite!to!its!effect!on!glycogen! Phosphorylase)!! ! i.e.!gl ...
Solutions - MIT OpenCourseWare
... BPG is at a higher energy level than 3PG. You can infer this because BPG has two phosphate groups as compare to 3PG, which has one phosphate group. Also, the conversion of BPG into 3PG drives the synthesis of ATP. d) The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase, catalyzes step 5. In this step Dihydroxyacet ...
... BPG is at a higher energy level than 3PG. You can infer this because BPG has two phosphate groups as compare to 3PG, which has one phosphate group. Also, the conversion of BPG into 3PG drives the synthesis of ATP. d) The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase, catalyzes step 5. In this step Dihydroxyacet ...
Study Guide
... 1.Why are the fermentation pathways referred to as “anaerobic” pathways? _____ _______________________________________________________________ 2. What are the energy-containing products of glycolysis? __________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Of what impor ...
... 1.Why are the fermentation pathways referred to as “anaerobic” pathways? _____ _______________________________________________________________ 2. What are the energy-containing products of glycolysis? __________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Of what impor ...
Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and
... All use glycolysis (net ATP 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
... All use glycolysis (net ATP 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
Integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in skeletal
... body mass compared to 2.5 % in the adult (Dobbing & Sands, 1973)], is an obligatory glucose consumer, the newborn has to adapt itself to this new situation. This is achieved in two ways : at first the newborn can activate its endogenous glucose production. It is indeed well established that the glu ...
... body mass compared to 2.5 % in the adult (Dobbing & Sands, 1973)], is an obligatory glucose consumer, the newborn has to adapt itself to this new situation. This is achieved in two ways : at first the newborn can activate its endogenous glucose production. It is indeed well established that the glu ...
Macromolecules
... When the ribosome translates the mRNA code and reaches the codon UGA it waits for the correct tRNA with the ACU anti-codon carrying the correct amino acid, threonine, to attach to the mRNA (by its anti-codon pairing with the codon) and deliver the threonine amino acid which the ribosome then adds to ...
... When the ribosome translates the mRNA code and reaches the codon UGA it waits for the correct tRNA with the ACU anti-codon carrying the correct amino acid, threonine, to attach to the mRNA (by its anti-codon pairing with the codon) and deliver the threonine amino acid which the ribosome then adds to ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
... • Pyruvic acid is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled steps. • Each pathway leads to formation of – Water – Carbon dioxide – 18 molecules of ATP ...
... • Pyruvic acid is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled steps. • Each pathway leads to formation of – Water – Carbon dioxide – 18 molecules of ATP ...
9.2 The Process of Respiration
... B. Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (Follow the electrons) Will only occur if O2 is present!!! Input Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis Intermediate Molecule= Citric Acid (hence the name) Output NAD+ NADH (Carry electrons and energy) FAD+ FADH ...
... B. Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (Follow the electrons) Will only occur if O2 is present!!! Input Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis Intermediate Molecule= Citric Acid (hence the name) Output NAD+ NADH (Carry electrons and energy) FAD+ FADH ...
Biology 112/111
... e) Where does electron transport in cellular respiration occur? 10. What is needed for the light-dependent reactions to occur? What is produced as a result of the lightdependent reactions of photosynthesis? 11. Be able to label Figure 8-10 on page 211. LEVEL 1: Describe in detail the reactions that ...
... e) Where does electron transport in cellular respiration occur? 10. What is needed for the light-dependent reactions to occur? What is produced as a result of the lightdependent reactions of photosynthesis? 11. Be able to label Figure 8-10 on page 211. LEVEL 1: Describe in detail the reactions that ...
Document
... (stored energy) called chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP. ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy available for work) The amount of energy released is measure in calories or kilocalor ...
... (stored energy) called chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP. ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy available for work) The amount of energy released is measure in calories or kilocalor ...
Enzymes
... • [S] generally < than its Km – Only uses fraction of enzyme catalytic ability – Enzyme is able to respond to changes in [S] ...
... • [S] generally < than its Km – Only uses fraction of enzyme catalytic ability – Enzyme is able to respond to changes in [S] ...
221_exam_2_2004
... is used to ferment amino acids produces multiple fermentation products replenishes key intermediates of the TCA cycle fixes carbon dioxide ...
... is used to ferment amino acids produces multiple fermentation products replenishes key intermediates of the TCA cycle fixes carbon dioxide ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... Some plant seeds store fat. At germination, the plant needs carbohydrates for many purposes, including building its structure. It lacks leaves, and so can’t make carbohydrates by photosynthesis. It needs to convert fatty acids from its fat stores into glucose. Similarly, some bacteria, protozoa and ...
... Some plant seeds store fat. At germination, the plant needs carbohydrates for many purposes, including building its structure. It lacks leaves, and so can’t make carbohydrates by photosynthesis. It needs to convert fatty acids from its fat stores into glucose. Similarly, some bacteria, protozoa and ...
Second Half of Glycolysis
... used in the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules for its use. If the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further, it will harvest only two ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose. Matu ...
... used in the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules for its use. If the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further, it will harvest only two ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose. Matu ...
ATP
... TP combines to form 6C glucose Some glucose isomerised to Fructose Fructose & glucose combine = disaccharide Some sugars polymerised – cellulose TP converted to glycerol – makes lipids ...
... TP combines to form 6C glucose Some glucose isomerised to Fructose Fructose & glucose combine = disaccharide Some sugars polymerised – cellulose TP converted to glycerol – makes lipids ...
NPH insulin (isophane insulin suspension) - DavisPlus
... be closely monitored during periods of stress or illness and health care professional notified of significant changes. Emphasize the importance of compliance with nutritional guidelines and regular exercise as directed by health care professional. Advise patient to notify health care professional of ...
... be closely monitored during periods of stress or illness and health care professional notified of significant changes. Emphasize the importance of compliance with nutritional guidelines and regular exercise as directed by health care professional. Advise patient to notify health care professional of ...
Glucose
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png?width=300)
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. The name ""glucose"" (/ˈɡluːkoʊs/) comes from the Greek word γλευκος, meaning ""sweet wine, must"". The suffix ""-ose"" is a chemical classifier, denoting a carbohydrate. It is also known as dextrose or grape sugar. With 6 carbon atoms, it is classed as a hexose, a sub-category of monosaccharides. α-D-glucose is one of the 16 aldose stereoisomers. The D-isomer (D-glucose) occurs widely in nature, but the L-isomer (L-glucose) does not. Glucose is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is a very important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen.