Cellular respiration
... hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehyrdrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During r ...
... hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehyrdrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During r ...
Fate of pyruvate
... Enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase Oxalacetate is required for: 1- Citric acid cycle (condenses with acetyl CoA): to yield energy ATP OR 2-Gluconeogenesis (to synthesize glucose) ...
... Enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase Oxalacetate is required for: 1- Citric acid cycle (condenses with acetyl CoA): to yield energy ATP OR 2-Gluconeogenesis (to synthesize glucose) ...
ATP ENERGY PRODUCTION - SHMD 339: Exercise Physiology 3
... 1. Stores of ATP start to diminish 2. Creatine kinase is activated when the level of ADP in the muscle cell increases. 3. The energy released by the breakdown of PC is used to convert ADP to ATP. *Energy has to be liberated by the breakdown of PC before ATP can be formed. **Stores of PC in the musc ...
... 1. Stores of ATP start to diminish 2. Creatine kinase is activated when the level of ADP in the muscle cell increases. 3. The energy released by the breakdown of PC is used to convert ADP to ATP. *Energy has to be liberated by the breakdown of PC before ATP can be formed. **Stores of PC in the musc ...
Balancing between respiration and fermentation - UvA-DARE
... concentrationn of a carbon source in order to carry out the metabolic functions most appropriate too the situation (figure 1). This provides the yeast cell with energy and reducing equivalents in thee form of ATP and NAD(P)H and building blocks to synthesize other biomolecules. While most yeastss ca ...
... concentrationn of a carbon source in order to carry out the metabolic functions most appropriate too the situation (figure 1). This provides the yeast cell with energy and reducing equivalents in thee form of ATP and NAD(P)H and building blocks to synthesize other biomolecules. While most yeastss ca ...
File
... ATP is continuously made at the same time as it is being used up, so there is no need for humans to have a vast store of ATP Phosphorylation is an enzyme controlled process by which a phosphate group is added to a molecule Phosphorylation also occurs when the phosphate and energy are transferred fro ...
... ATP is continuously made at the same time as it is being used up, so there is no need for humans to have a vast store of ATP Phosphorylation is an enzyme controlled process by which a phosphate group is added to a molecule Phosphorylation also occurs when the phosphate and energy are transferred fro ...
Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
... gluconeogenic amino acids other than alanine, but the total of their net hepatic uptakes is no more than that of alanine (⬃1.5 mol 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 min⫺1 glucose equivalents) under a variety of hyperglycemic conditions (9,29,30). Net (or “measured”) hepatic glycogen synthesis was the difference between hep ...
... gluconeogenic amino acids other than alanine, but the total of their net hepatic uptakes is no more than that of alanine (⬃1.5 mol 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 min⫺1 glucose equivalents) under a variety of hyperglycemic conditions (9,29,30). Net (or “measured”) hepatic glycogen synthesis was the difference between hep ...
Human Metabolism: Macronutrients Instructors: Rosalind Coleman
... Honor Code at the University of North Carolina. The principles of academic honesty, integrity, and responsible citizenship govern the performance of all academic work and student conduct at the University as they have during the long life of this institution. Your acceptance of enrollment in the Uni ...
... Honor Code at the University of North Carolina. The principles of academic honesty, integrity, and responsible citizenship govern the performance of all academic work and student conduct at the University as they have during the long life of this institution. Your acceptance of enrollment in the Uni ...
Practical Carbohydrates` Identification
... Barfoed test is Specific to Mono-saccharides – To differentiate between Monosaccharides (+ve) and Disaccharides (-ve). Barfoed reagent is formed from [Cu(CH3COO)2 + CH3COOH]. Reducing monosaccharides are oxidized by the copper ion in solution to form a carboxylic acid and a reddish precipitate of co ...
... Barfoed test is Specific to Mono-saccharides – To differentiate between Monosaccharides (+ve) and Disaccharides (-ve). Barfoed reagent is formed from [Cu(CH3COO)2 + CH3COOH]. Reducing monosaccharides are oxidized by the copper ion in solution to form a carboxylic acid and a reddish precipitate of co ...
25,8 Ketone bodies
... for brain cells to use as an energysource.This happens most often in starvation or in untreated diabetes.In starvation, no supply of glucose is available; in diabetes, glucose is present in the blood, but it cannot penetrate cell membranes. A lack of glucosecausesthe cells of many organs to step up ...
... for brain cells to use as an energysource.This happens most often in starvation or in untreated diabetes.In starvation, no supply of glucose is available; in diabetes, glucose is present in the blood, but it cannot penetrate cell membranes. A lack of glucosecausesthe cells of many organs to step up ...
The Acid End-products of Glucose Metabolism of Oral
... lactate, each convertible to acetate via pyruvate, gave similar fractions of their incorporation to the lipids although the extent of incorporation was quite different. With alanine much of the incorporation was into proteins, like the other amino acids aspartate and glutamate. Negligible label from ...
... lactate, each convertible to acetate via pyruvate, gave similar fractions of their incorporation to the lipids although the extent of incorporation was quite different. With alanine much of the incorporation was into proteins, like the other amino acids aspartate and glutamate. Negligible label from ...
Why Fermentation
... the absence of oxygen Glycolysis and fermentation together only produces 2 ATP. This is not efficient!! ...
... the absence of oxygen Glycolysis and fermentation together only produces 2 ATP. This is not efficient!! ...
2nd Phase of Glycolysis
... In addition to the allosteric effectors, pyruvate kinase is regulated by covalent modification. Hormones such as glucagon activate a cAMP-dependent protein kinase which transfers the γphosphate of ATP to the pyruvate kinase. The phosphorylated pyruvate kinase is more strongly inhibited by ATP and a ...
... In addition to the allosteric effectors, pyruvate kinase is regulated by covalent modification. Hormones such as glucagon activate a cAMP-dependent protein kinase which transfers the γphosphate of ATP to the pyruvate kinase. The phosphorylated pyruvate kinase is more strongly inhibited by ATP and a ...
Fuel Metabolism PART 1: Structure and Function of Protein
... GTP (8 kcal). The percentage of the total energy available from oxidation of acetate that is transferred to these compounds is, therefore, 208/243 kcal or 86%. 6-C. About 12 ATP are produced by the TCA cycle (12 x 8 kcal = 96 kcal). The percentage of the total energy available from oxidation of acet ...
... GTP (8 kcal). The percentage of the total energy available from oxidation of acetate that is transferred to these compounds is, therefore, 208/243 kcal or 86%. 6-C. About 12 ATP are produced by the TCA cycle (12 x 8 kcal = 96 kcal). The percentage of the total energy available from oxidation of acet ...
Answer Key
... What is the other name for Krebs cycle? Citric acid cycle What happens to CO2, produced during the Krebs cycle? Goes into the atmosphere What is the final electron acceptor at the end of Electron Transport? oxygen What happens to the NADH’s produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle? If oxygen is pr ...
... What is the other name for Krebs cycle? Citric acid cycle What happens to CO2, produced during the Krebs cycle? Goes into the atmosphere What is the final electron acceptor at the end of Electron Transport? oxygen What happens to the NADH’s produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle? If oxygen is pr ...
Ch.24Pt.6_000
... Fatty Acid Synthesis and Oxidation Compared: Pathway for fatty acid synthesis is in cytoplasm. FA oxidation occurs in mitochondria. Lipogenesis involves oxidation of NADPH. F.A. spiral involves reduction of FADH+ & NAD+. Lipogenesis uses a multi-enzyme complex called fatty acid synthase. Fatty acid ...
... Fatty Acid Synthesis and Oxidation Compared: Pathway for fatty acid synthesis is in cytoplasm. FA oxidation occurs in mitochondria. Lipogenesis involves oxidation of NADPH. F.A. spiral involves reduction of FADH+ & NAD+. Lipogenesis uses a multi-enzyme complex called fatty acid synthase. Fatty acid ...
ASSESSMENt Of ANAErObIC ENDurANCE bASED ON
... body height, body weight), motoric abilities (strength, speed, resistance), motivation and physical endurance test conditions (Malarecki, 1981; Zając, Wilk, Poprzęcki, Bacik, 2009). As is mentioned above, in the 400 m and 400 m hurdles races, the key factor determining the result is the efficiency o ...
... body height, body weight), motoric abilities (strength, speed, resistance), motivation and physical endurance test conditions (Malarecki, 1981; Zając, Wilk, Poprzęcki, Bacik, 2009). As is mentioned above, in the 400 m and 400 m hurdles races, the key factor determining the result is the efficiency o ...
RESPIRATION Metabolic processes that need energy include
... enzyme and join ADP and Pi to form ATP. ATP made before oxidative phosphorylation: 2 molecules during glycolysis by substrate level phosphorylation. 2 molecules made during krebs cycle by substrate level phosphorylation. ATP made DURING oxidative phosphorylation: ATP is made where the reduced ...
... enzyme and join ADP and Pi to form ATP. ATP made before oxidative phosphorylation: 2 molecules during glycolysis by substrate level phosphorylation. 2 molecules made during krebs cycle by substrate level phosphorylation. ATP made DURING oxidative phosphorylation: ATP is made where the reduced ...
Bio150 Chapter 7
... •During the first 2 phases of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, a molecule of glucose is gradually broken apart in 20 sequential biochemical reactions which transforms the glucose into different carbohydrate intermediates as bonds are broken or rearranged -4 molecules of ATP are synthesized as a resu ...
... •During the first 2 phases of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, a molecule of glucose is gradually broken apart in 20 sequential biochemical reactions which transforms the glucose into different carbohydrate intermediates as bonds are broken or rearranged -4 molecules of ATP are synthesized as a resu ...
Decreased
... windshield washer fluid, etc.) is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and formic acid. Leads to metabolic acidosis and optic neuritis (from formate) that can cause blindness. • Treatment: Infuse EtOH to keep blood concentration at 100-200 mg/dL (legally intoxicated) for long enough ...
... windshield washer fluid, etc.) is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and formic acid. Leads to metabolic acidosis and optic neuritis (from formate) that can cause blindness. • Treatment: Infuse EtOH to keep blood concentration at 100-200 mg/dL (legally intoxicated) for long enough ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus
... functional citric acid cycle seems remarkable since glutamic acid is easily concentrated in the cell (Gale, 1951)and seems to be the main substrate for endogenous oxygen uptake (Ramsey, 1962 ; Strasters, unpublished). A ready induction or expansion of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle may be supp ...
... functional citric acid cycle seems remarkable since glutamic acid is easily concentrated in the cell (Gale, 1951)and seems to be the main substrate for endogenous oxygen uptake (Ramsey, 1962 ; Strasters, unpublished). A ready induction or expansion of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle may be supp ...
Lesson element
... molecule C6H12O6 into two pyruvate molecules. The formula for pyruvate is C3H4O3. It does not require oxygen and does not release carbon dioxide; it does produce sufficient energy to make two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Any chemical compound which can be broken down during respiration to rel ...
... molecule C6H12O6 into two pyruvate molecules. The formula for pyruvate is C3H4O3. It does not require oxygen and does not release carbon dioxide; it does produce sufficient energy to make two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Any chemical compound which can be broken down during respiration to rel ...
Lecture Slides
... – The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP – An aerobic process—it requires oxygen ...
... – The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP – An aerobic process—it requires oxygen ...
Energy Yields from Aerobic Respiration: Some Alternatives
... used as a substrate for the glycolysis pathway, the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism. In this pathway, glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules. In the process, two ATP, net, are produced by substrate level phosphorylation and two NADH are formed by oxidation of glyceraldehyde. Under a ...
... used as a substrate for the glycolysis pathway, the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism. In this pathway, glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules. In the process, two ATP, net, are produced by substrate level phosphorylation and two NADH are formed by oxidation of glyceraldehyde. Under a ...
Translocation of Photosynthate - Academic Resources at Missouri
... water by osmosis. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 4. The Phloem sap is pushes through the seive tube column to a SINK area of low solute concentration. (root, bud, grain, bulb, etc.) Sap is pulled out by active transport or stored as starch. UNLOADING 5. Sap continues to flow toward the sink as long as sug ...
... water by osmosis. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 4. The Phloem sap is pushes through the seive tube column to a SINK area of low solute concentration. (root, bud, grain, bulb, etc.) Sap is pulled out by active transport or stored as starch. UNLOADING 5. Sap continues to flow toward the sink as long as sug ...
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. The name ""glucose"" (/ˈɡluːkoʊs/) comes from the Greek word γλευκος, meaning ""sweet wine, must"". The suffix ""-ose"" is a chemical classifier, denoting a carbohydrate. It is also known as dextrose or grape sugar. With 6 carbon atoms, it is classed as a hexose, a sub-category of monosaccharides. α-D-glucose is one of the 16 aldose stereoisomers. The D-isomer (D-glucose) occurs widely in nature, but the L-isomer (L-glucose) does not. Glucose is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is a very important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen.