Industrial microbiology Second level
... process is as follows: C6H12O6 ====> 2(CH3CH2OH) stored in ATP) Sugar ====> Alcohol (Glucose) (Ethyl alcohol) ...
... process is as follows: C6H12O6 ====> 2(CH3CH2OH) stored in ATP) Sugar ====> Alcohol (Glucose) (Ethyl alcohol) ...
A glucose-responsive transcription factor that regulates
... defects suffered by as many as half of the American population presently overweight or obese (2). The liver is the principal organ responsible for the conversion of excess dietary carbohydrates to triglycerides. Within minutes, elevated glucose levels in the liver lead to posttranslational activatio ...
... defects suffered by as many as half of the American population presently overweight or obese (2). The liver is the principal organ responsible for the conversion of excess dietary carbohydrates to triglycerides. Within minutes, elevated glucose levels in the liver lead to posttranslational activatio ...
Malonyl-CoA Signaling, Lipid Partitioning, and
... contrast, others have favored the concept that exaggerated insulin secretion will cause insulin resistance (3,4), possibly via fatty acid⫺mediated impairment of insulin action (5–7). To date, longitudinal studies in humans and animals have failed to determine whether insulin resistance precedes hype ...
... contrast, others have favored the concept that exaggerated insulin secretion will cause insulin resistance (3,4), possibly via fatty acid⫺mediated impairment of insulin action (5–7). To date, longitudinal studies in humans and animals have failed to determine whether insulin resistance precedes hype ...
G. M. Tielens Hellemond, Fred R. Opperdoes and Aloysius Susanne
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
Bacterial Metabolism
... energy sources to synthesize the new complex organic compounds needed by the cell. All living cells must maintain steady-state biochemical reactions for the formation and use of such high-energy compounds. Kluyver and Donker (1924 to 1926) recognized that bacterial cells, regardless of species, were ...
... energy sources to synthesize the new complex organic compounds needed by the cell. All living cells must maintain steady-state biochemical reactions for the formation and use of such high-energy compounds. Kluyver and Donker (1924 to 1926) recognized that bacterial cells, regardless of species, were ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another diva ...
... enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another diva ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... UDP-N-acetylglucosamine or follow the glycolytic pathway to generate pyruvate and then acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA may enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to be oxidized or may be exported to the cytosol to synthesize fatty acids, when excess glucose is present within the hepatocyte. Finally, glucos ...
... UDP-N-acetylglucosamine or follow the glycolytic pathway to generate pyruvate and then acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA may enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to be oxidized or may be exported to the cytosol to synthesize fatty acids, when excess glucose is present within the hepatocyte. Finally, glucos ...
Exam_2005 - The University of Sydney
... The cycle turns acetyl-CoA into ATP The pathway is located in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondria The cycle reacts fuel molecules with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide The cycle generates CoA and NADH Most of the ATP in the cell is made directly by enzymes of the Krebs Cycle by substrate level p ...
... The cycle turns acetyl-CoA into ATP The pathway is located in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondria The cycle reacts fuel molecules with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide The cycle generates CoA and NADH Most of the ATP in the cell is made directly by enzymes of the Krebs Cycle by substrate level p ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... by adenine nucleotides. Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by AMP. This insures that when cellular ATP is high (AMP would then be low), glucose is not degraded to make ATP. It is more useful to th ...
... by adenine nucleotides. Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by AMP. This insures that when cellular ATP is high (AMP would then be low), glucose is not degraded to make ATP. It is more useful to th ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... ! In air, the electron transport chain regenerates NAD+ and FAD by passing electrons to O2. ! Without air, the electron transport chain cannot oxidize NADH, FADH2; citric acid cycle stops. ! Without air, some cells regenerate NAD+ (from glycolysis only) by passing e- (+ H+) to pyruvic acid ! Result: ...
... ! In air, the electron transport chain regenerates NAD+ and FAD by passing electrons to O2. ! Without air, the electron transport chain cannot oxidize NADH, FADH2; citric acid cycle stops. ! Without air, some cells regenerate NAD+ (from glycolysis only) by passing e- (+ H+) to pyruvic acid ! Result: ...
respiration - sandsbiochem
... muscle cells winemaking, baking Used to make cheese, yogurt, acetone, methanol Note: Lactate build-up does NOT cause muscle fatigue and pain (old idea) ...
... muscle cells winemaking, baking Used to make cheese, yogurt, acetone, methanol Note: Lactate build-up does NOT cause muscle fatigue and pain (old idea) ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration 8.1 Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular
... 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of th ...
... 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of th ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Dr. Harold Kay Njemanze 8.1
... 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of th ...
... 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of th ...
Cellular Respiration Webquest
... holes…like swiss cheese). In the human body, when we are using energy so quickly that our bodies cannot keep up with the oxygen demand, our bodies can resort to anaerobic respiration. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which accumulates in the muscle cells. When the concentration becomes high eno ...
... holes…like swiss cheese). In the human body, when we are using energy so quickly that our bodies cannot keep up with the oxygen demand, our bodies can resort to anaerobic respiration. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which accumulates in the muscle cells. When the concentration becomes high eno ...
Autotrophs vs - Manhasset Public Schools
... Day Energy Conversion One product of photosynthesis is _____________, which is released into the air and used by ___________________. Plants also create ______________, which is used by the plants to help them obtain the proper nutrients to grow. _______________ is stored in these food molecules, wh ...
... Day Energy Conversion One product of photosynthesis is _____________, which is released into the air and used by ___________________. Plants also create ______________, which is used by the plants to help them obtain the proper nutrients to grow. _______________ is stored in these food molecules, wh ...
Glycolysis Reactions
... Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that can ferment sugars. Fo ...
... Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that can ferment sugars. Fo ...
cellular-respiration 1
... a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of the protein carriers are cytochrome molecules, complex carbon rings with a heme (iron) group in t ...
... a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of the protein carriers are cytochrome molecules, complex carbon rings with a heme (iron) group in t ...
I. ATP is Universal
... e) Phosphate groups are added to the C3 molecules. f) This stimulates the synthesis of ATP via substrate level ATP synthesis. An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP. This is an example of the coupling of an energy-releasing reaction to an energy-requiring one. g) Oxidation of the resultant ...
... e) Phosphate groups are added to the C3 molecules. f) This stimulates the synthesis of ATP via substrate level ATP synthesis. An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP. This is an example of the coupling of an energy-releasing reaction to an energy-requiring one. g) Oxidation of the resultant ...
Metabolism Part II: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA), citric acid, or Krebs
... This calculation is misleading, however, because the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in bioloeical svstems are far from the standard state concentration Gf 1.00. . . M. When one adjusts the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP to reflect more accurately concentrations of ATP, ADP, and phosphat ...
... This calculation is misleading, however, because the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in bioloeical svstems are far from the standard state concentration Gf 1.00. . . M. When one adjusts the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP to reflect more accurately concentrations of ATP, ADP, and phosphat ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Name the vitamin that is a component of FAD. Describe how the enzymes that run the Krebs cycle are regulated. Name the primary substrate used for the Krebs cycle. Name some other molecules that can be fed into the Krebs cycle. Explain why citrate must be rearranged into isocitrate. Discuss the impor ...
... Name the vitamin that is a component of FAD. Describe how the enzymes that run the Krebs cycle are regulated. Name the primary substrate used for the Krebs cycle. Name some other molecules that can be fed into the Krebs cycle. Explain why citrate must be rearranged into isocitrate. Discuss the impor ...
Slide 1
... homeostasis, to move, and to reproduce • Photosynthesis converts energy from the sun to glucose and O2 • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and releases energy in ATP • Energy flows through an ecosystem; chemicals are recycled Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cum ...
... homeostasis, to move, and to reproduce • Photosynthesis converts energy from the sun to glucose and O2 • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and releases energy in ATP • Energy flows through an ecosystem; chemicals are recycled Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cum ...
MedBiochem Exam 1, 1998
... (c) Digestion of the original peptide with cyanogen bromide generates two fragments, one of which moves toward the anode and the other toward the cathode under electrophoresis at pH 7. Which one of the following best describes the structure of the peptide? A. Lys-Gly-Met-Glu-Ala B. Gly-Lys-Met-Glu-A ...
... (c) Digestion of the original peptide with cyanogen bromide generates two fragments, one of which moves toward the anode and the other toward the cathode under electrophoresis at pH 7. Which one of the following best describes the structure of the peptide? A. Lys-Gly-Met-Glu-Ala B. Gly-Lys-Met-Glu-A ...
Cellular Respiration
... anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
... anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
Muscle Energy and Metabolism
... Muscle Metabolism (Cont) – Second metabolic pathway: aerobic respiration (Kreb’s Cycle / Citrus Acid Cycle) • Requires oxygen • produces much more ATP // glycolysis = 2 vs Kreb’s Cycle = 36 to 38 • less toxic end products CO2 // glycolysis produces lactic acid • Produces metabolic water • Reduces F ...
... Muscle Metabolism (Cont) – Second metabolic pathway: aerobic respiration (Kreb’s Cycle / Citrus Acid Cycle) • Requires oxygen • produces much more ATP // glycolysis = 2 vs Kreb’s Cycle = 36 to 38 • less toxic end products CO2 // glycolysis produces lactic acid • Produces metabolic water • Reduces F ...
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. The name ""glucose"" (/ˈɡluːkoʊs/) comes from the Greek word γλευκος, meaning ""sweet wine, must"". The suffix ""-ose"" is a chemical classifier, denoting a carbohydrate. It is also known as dextrose or grape sugar. With 6 carbon atoms, it is classed as a hexose, a sub-category of monosaccharides. α-D-glucose is one of the 16 aldose stereoisomers. The D-isomer (D-glucose) occurs widely in nature, but the L-isomer (L-glucose) does not. Glucose is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is a very important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen.