Plant Peroxisomes: Biogenesis and Function
... Arabidopsis PEX10, which is reported to sort either indirectly to peroxisomes via the ER in suspension cells (Flynn et al., 2005) or directly to peroxisomes from the cytosol in leaves (Sparkes et al., 2005), also appears to perform multiple functions, including the biogenesis of ER-derived protein a ...
... Arabidopsis PEX10, which is reported to sort either indirectly to peroxisomes via the ER in suspension cells (Flynn et al., 2005) or directly to peroxisomes from the cytosol in leaves (Sparkes et al., 2005), also appears to perform multiple functions, including the biogenesis of ER-derived protein a ...
Bypassing the glucose/fatty acid cycle: AMP
... is supported by the finding that leptin activates AMPK in H-2Kb muscle cells in culture. In contrast, a slower (6-h) response appears to be mediated via the hypothalamus and stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which leptin activates AMPK are not fully underst ...
... is supported by the finding that leptin activates AMPK in H-2Kb muscle cells in culture. In contrast, a slower (6-h) response appears to be mediated via the hypothalamus and stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which leptin activates AMPK are not fully underst ...
Comparative Analysis of Prothrombin Activators
... is released upon activation. The presence of a vitamin K– dependent, c-carboxyglutamic acid residue–rich region at the N-terminus of the light chain plays a critical role in the binding of phospholipids and calcium ions, while the heavy chain contains the catalytic site residues (Jackson 1984; Perss ...
... is released upon activation. The presence of a vitamin K– dependent, c-carboxyglutamic acid residue–rich region at the N-terminus of the light chain plays a critical role in the binding of phospholipids and calcium ions, while the heavy chain contains the catalytic site residues (Jackson 1984; Perss ...
From Sequence to Structure
... peptide backbone, to polar organic molecules, and to water. This tendency dominates the interactions in which they participate. Some of them can change their charge state depending on their pH or the microenvironment. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid have pKa values near 5 in aqueous solution, so the ...
... peptide backbone, to polar organic molecules, and to water. This tendency dominates the interactions in which they participate. Some of them can change their charge state depending on their pH or the microenvironment. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid have pKa values near 5 in aqueous solution, so the ...
1. Sources of cholesterol • diet ~ 30 % • biosynthesis ~ 70% 2. Types
... • More cholesterol is converted to bile acids. • Lower liver cholesterol increases the available LDL receptor. • With more LDL receptors available, there is increase hepatic uptake of LDL, decreasing plasma cholesterol. c. Policosanol is a mixture of fatty alcohols derived from the wax of sugarcane. ...
... • More cholesterol is converted to bile acids. • Lower liver cholesterol increases the available LDL receptor. • With more LDL receptors available, there is increase hepatic uptake of LDL, decreasing plasma cholesterol. c. Policosanol is a mixture of fatty alcohols derived from the wax of sugarcane. ...
Gene Section SOX10 (SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10)
... SOX10 is predominantly found in the nucleus as expected for a transcription factor but possesses the ability to shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus because of the presence of both NLS and NES in the protein. ...
... SOX10 is predominantly found in the nucleus as expected for a transcription factor but possesses the ability to shuttle between cytoplasm and nucleus because of the presence of both NLS and NES in the protein. ...
SNAREs
... and to Syntaxin 5/GS28/Ykt6 (t-SNARE) þ GS15 (v-SNARE) (Xu et al. 2002). These in vitro fusion assay data suggest that SNARE proteins encode the necessary information to direct the formation of fusogenic SNARE complexes. In yeast, Sed5p is the only syntaxin required for transport through the Golgi, ...
... and to Syntaxin 5/GS28/Ykt6 (t-SNARE) þ GS15 (v-SNARE) (Xu et al. 2002). These in vitro fusion assay data suggest that SNARE proteins encode the necessary information to direct the formation of fusogenic SNARE complexes. In yeast, Sed5p is the only syntaxin required for transport through the Golgi, ...
General introduction - University of Amsterdam
... from a nutrient-rich environment like the body is not necessary (48). Yeasts as model organisms Since ancient times the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for baking and brewing, but in the last century it was recognized as a suitable unicellular model organism to study eukaryotic cells, p ...
... from a nutrient-rich environment like the body is not necessary (48). Yeasts as model organisms Since ancient times the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for baking and brewing, but in the last century it was recognized as a suitable unicellular model organism to study eukaryotic cells, p ...
- Wiley Online Library
... that B. subtilis has two distinct nitrate reductases, one is assimilatory and the other respiratory [1,3,13]. In retrospect, the nitrate reductase reported above should be the respiratory one encoded by narGHJI since the enzyme was shown later to be induced under anaerobiosis and not under the contr ...
... that B. subtilis has two distinct nitrate reductases, one is assimilatory and the other respiratory [1,3,13]. In retrospect, the nitrate reductase reported above should be the respiratory one encoded by narGHJI since the enzyme was shown later to be induced under anaerobiosis and not under the contr ...
the structure and function of cartilage proteoglycans
... et al., 1994). It is the large size of the proteoglycan aggregates and their entrapment by the collagen framework of the tissue that results in aggrecan retention in the extracellular matrix. Aggrecan molecules rarely exist in an intact form in the proteoglycan aggregates of the cartilage matrix, bu ...
... et al., 1994). It is the large size of the proteoglycan aggregates and their entrapment by the collagen framework of the tissue that results in aggrecan retention in the extracellular matrix. Aggrecan molecules rarely exist in an intact form in the proteoglycan aggregates of the cartilage matrix, bu ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... are shown schematically in Figure 4A. A portion of the extract was subjected to Western blotting with anti-FLAG antibody to confirm the expression of the PABP fragments (Figure 4B and C, upper panels). The rest of the extract was immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody, and immunoprecipitates were ...
... are shown schematically in Figure 4A. A portion of the extract was subjected to Western blotting with anti-FLAG antibody to confirm the expression of the PABP fragments (Figure 4B and C, upper panels). The rest of the extract was immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody, and immunoprecipitates were ...
Lecture 3 Isoelectric Focusing
... As it passes through the gel, eg when it reaches pH 9 region, it becomes less -vely charged (pH not so much >pI) (+electrode does not attract protein so much – protein slows down) When reaches the pH 8 region, protein charge =0, -electrode no longer attracts protein, protein stops moving So no matte ...
... As it passes through the gel, eg when it reaches pH 9 region, it becomes less -vely charged (pH not so much >pI) (+electrode does not attract protein so much – protein slows down) When reaches the pH 8 region, protein charge =0, -electrode no longer attracts protein, protein stops moving So no matte ...
Discovery of genes in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) involved
... For genes where the putative open reading frame could be determined based on sequence alignments, PCR primers were designed to amplify entire coding regions (Primer 3 in Geneious Pro v. 4.8.5; Rozen & Akaletsky 2000, Drummond et al. 2010) (Table 1). PCR reactions (25µl) using pooled cDNA containing ...
... For genes where the putative open reading frame could be determined based on sequence alignments, PCR primers were designed to amplify entire coding regions (Primer 3 in Geneious Pro v. 4.8.5; Rozen & Akaletsky 2000, Drummond et al. 2010) (Table 1). PCR reactions (25µl) using pooled cDNA containing ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... be identified. Prevention of the age-related decline of CMA is beneficial for the homeostasis of organs and function (Zhang and Cuervo, 2008). This observation is indicative of the potential importance of CMA and macroautophagy, as we discuss below, as possible antiaging mechanisms. CMA is also invo ...
... be identified. Prevention of the age-related decline of CMA is beneficial for the homeostasis of organs and function (Zhang and Cuervo, 2008). This observation is indicative of the potential importance of CMA and macroautophagy, as we discuss below, as possible antiaging mechanisms. CMA is also invo ...
Lactococcus lactis as expression host for the biosynthetic
... monitor the desired process, while native Trp residues can be replaced by a tyrosine or phenylalanine residue, often without a noticeable effect on protein function. The use of Trp analogues with altered optical properties can further broaden the intrinsic fluorescence approach. A number of Trp anal ...
... monitor the desired process, while native Trp residues can be replaced by a tyrosine or phenylalanine residue, often without a noticeable effect on protein function. The use of Trp analogues with altered optical properties can further broaden the intrinsic fluorescence approach. A number of Trp anal ...
Enzymatic activation of sulfur for incorporation into biomolecules in
... given that, in addition to the FeS clusters, the thionucleosides 4-thiouridine and 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (Lauhon & Kambampati, 2000; Lauhon, 2002) as well as thiamin (Lauhon & Kambampati, 2000) also receive their sulfur from IscS. Indeed, other sulfur-containing molecules may be biosynth ...
... given that, in addition to the FeS clusters, the thionucleosides 4-thiouridine and 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (Lauhon & Kambampati, 2000; Lauhon, 2002) as well as thiamin (Lauhon & Kambampati, 2000) also receive their sulfur from IscS. Indeed, other sulfur-containing molecules may be biosynth ...
Carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum
... (1,3-PD) dehydrogenase constitute the branch point that partitions the carbon flux between the competing pathways, i.e. formation of either 1,3-PD or acetate and butyrate. The increasing levels of these enzyme activities with increasing dilution rates (D) explained the constant proportion of glycero ...
... (1,3-PD) dehydrogenase constitute the branch point that partitions the carbon flux between the competing pathways, i.e. formation of either 1,3-PD or acetate and butyrate. The increasing levels of these enzyme activities with increasing dilution rates (D) explained the constant proportion of glycero ...
PDQ Physiology
... arrangements of the proteins α- and β-tubulin, 20 to 30 nm in diameter and 10 to 25 µm in length. They grow from one end (the plus end) by polymerization of tubulin, whereas the minus end tends to disintegrate by hydrolysis unless it is stabilized. Microtubules are present in almost all mammalian ce ...
... arrangements of the proteins α- and β-tubulin, 20 to 30 nm in diameter and 10 to 25 µm in length. They grow from one end (the plus end) by polymerization of tubulin, whereas the minus end tends to disintegrate by hydrolysis unless it is stabilized. Microtubules are present in almost all mammalian ce ...
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES: GLYCOLYSIS
... • Four kinases in glycolysis: steps 1,3,7, and 10 • All four kinases require Mg2+ and have a similar mechanism ...
... • Four kinases in glycolysis: steps 1,3,7, and 10 • All four kinases require Mg2+ and have a similar mechanism ...
Differential scanning calorimetry as tool in observing thermal and
... to denature the protein structure and conformation at day 1 and day 7 respectively (Table 1). Enthalpy changes observed in Table 1 may be associated with molecular changes as a result of protein unfolding. The enthalpy value is correlated with the net content of the ordered secondary structure of a ...
... to denature the protein structure and conformation at day 1 and day 7 respectively (Table 1). Enthalpy changes observed in Table 1 may be associated with molecular changes as a result of protein unfolding. The enthalpy value is correlated with the net content of the ordered secondary structure of a ...
Substrate Specificity and Mechanism from the Structure of
... bacterial sepsis. Galactokinase deficiency (galactosemia II; MIM 230200) in man is an inborn error of galactose metabolism and is linked to development of cataracts during the first months of life and also pre-senile cataracts, the onset of which is between 20 and 50 years of age.3 Over 20 mutations ...
... bacterial sepsis. Galactokinase deficiency (galactosemia II; MIM 230200) in man is an inborn error of galactose metabolism and is linked to development of cataracts during the first months of life and also pre-senile cataracts, the onset of which is between 20 and 50 years of age.3 Over 20 mutations ...
Safety Assessment of Soy Proteins and Peptides as Used in
... A manufacturing flow chart from a hydrolyzed soy protein supplier is shown in Figure 2. The preparation of hydrolysates can be afforded via acid and enzyme.10 The above glycine soja (soybean) protein dispersion (4% w/v) is adjusted to pH 2.0 with 1 mol/L HCl, and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Then, ...
... A manufacturing flow chart from a hydrolyzed soy protein supplier is shown in Figure 2. The preparation of hydrolysates can be afforded via acid and enzyme.10 The above glycine soja (soybean) protein dispersion (4% w/v) is adjusted to pH 2.0 with 1 mol/L HCl, and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Then, ...
Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP
... the entry or exit points for protons in respiratory enzymes are also potentially relevant if they can block access to protons channels or affect the pKa of residues that are sequentially protonated and deprotonated to facilitate proton movement (135). We will attempt to point out phosphorylation sit ...
... the entry or exit points for protons in respiratory enzymes are also potentially relevant if they can block access to protons channels or affect the pKa of residues that are sequentially protonated and deprotonated to facilitate proton movement (135). We will attempt to point out phosphorylation sit ...
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a
... the mitochondrial matrix. However, in this yeast, acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion cannot meet the requirement for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Instead, a separate pathway known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, which involves pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA ...
... the mitochondrial matrix. However, in this yeast, acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion cannot meet the requirement for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Instead, a separate pathway known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, which involves pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA ...
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Saccharomyces
... In connection with biobased chemical production, it is necessary to engineer the metabolism of cell factories such that the raw material, typically sugars, can be efficiently converted to the product of interest. Although IMI076 could grow on glucose, it was still inefficient at conversion of pyruva ...
... In connection with biobased chemical production, it is necessary to engineer the metabolism of cell factories such that the raw material, typically sugars, can be efficiently converted to the product of interest. Although IMI076 could grow on glucose, it was still inefficient at conversion of pyruva ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.