![Perspective: emerging evidence for signaling roles of mitochondrial](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005974449_1-b8a087be768d5be0026f38fb64115337-300x300.png)
Perspective: emerging evidence for signaling roles of mitochondrial
... in the -cell plasma membrane causes membrane depolarization. This opens a voltage-sensitive calcium channel in the plasma membrane, and the resulting influx of calcium increases cytosolic calcium, which promotes the exocytosis of insulin granules (5) (Fig. 1). However, as will be discussed, it is c ...
... in the -cell plasma membrane causes membrane depolarization. This opens a voltage-sensitive calcium channel in the plasma membrane, and the resulting influx of calcium increases cytosolic calcium, which promotes the exocytosis of insulin granules (5) (Fig. 1). However, as will be discussed, it is c ...
Was photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by
... carbamate to catalyze both carboxylase and oxygenase reactions [2,18]. RLP also conserves this K201 residue (Fig. 2). In our experiments, B. subtilis RLP showed DK-MTP-1-P enolase activity even when we did not perform any activating treatment in a reaction mixture including high CO2 concentration [3 ...
... carbamate to catalyze both carboxylase and oxygenase reactions [2,18]. RLP also conserves this K201 residue (Fig. 2). In our experiments, B. subtilis RLP showed DK-MTP-1-P enolase activity even when we did not perform any activating treatment in a reaction mixture including high CO2 concentration [3 ...
SBT202 - SibTech, Inc.
... The EGF/Si reagent carries single Cy5.5 dye (FW 1128Da; GE Healthcare) attached site-specifically to C4 residue of Cys-tag. One vial contains 150 g of RP-HPLC purified lyophilized EGF/Si Purity: This EGF/Si preparation contains >98% pure protein that migrates as a single band with an apparent molec ...
... The EGF/Si reagent carries single Cy5.5 dye (FW 1128Da; GE Healthcare) attached site-specifically to C4 residue of Cys-tag. One vial contains 150 g of RP-HPLC purified lyophilized EGF/Si Purity: This EGF/Si preparation contains >98% pure protein that migrates as a single band with an apparent molec ...
Disallowed Ramachandran Conformations of Amino Acid Residues
... the i + 2 position of nearly ideal type II’ b-turns. In one case (5TIM LysA13) the residue forms part of a chain interface with a significant change in the c3 value of the type II’ b-turn. Only very few residues were found in cluster IV (four residues) and cluster V (four residues) compared to clust ...
... the i + 2 position of nearly ideal type II’ b-turns. In one case (5TIM LysA13) the residue forms part of a chain interface with a significant change in the c3 value of the type II’ b-turn. Only very few residues were found in cluster IV (four residues) and cluster V (four residues) compared to clust ...
Osteon-Mimetic Nanocomposite Materials For Bone Regeneration
... nucleated aligned collagen nanofibers (NF). Mineralization of collagen NF is a wellregulated process mediated by many extracellular matrix proteins, such as bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteonectin (ON). These non-collagenous proteins contain a large amount of glutamic acid (Glu) residues, which act ...
... nucleated aligned collagen nanofibers (NF). Mineralization of collagen NF is a wellregulated process mediated by many extracellular matrix proteins, such as bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteonectin (ON). These non-collagenous proteins contain a large amount of glutamic acid (Glu) residues, which act ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
Current understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis and the acyl carrier
... The FA biosynthesis process begins with the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA using ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), which adds an HCO3 − group to the substrate (Figure 2; step 1). ACC consists of four proteins encoded for by accABCD and requires a biotin cofactor as well as ATP [26]. Malonyl-C ...
... The FA biosynthesis process begins with the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA using ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), which adds an HCO3 − group to the substrate (Figure 2; step 1). ACC consists of four proteins encoded for by accABCD and requires a biotin cofactor as well as ATP [26]. Malonyl-C ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... encapsulated within the solid protein shell of the MCP. During catalysis, the adenosyl-group of AdoCbl bound to PduCDE is periodically lost due to by-reactions and is usually replaced by a hydroxo-group resulting in the formation of an inactive OH-Cbl-enzyme complex, and the NAD+ is converted to NAD ...
... encapsulated within the solid protein shell of the MCP. During catalysis, the adenosyl-group of AdoCbl bound to PduCDE is periodically lost due to by-reactions and is usually replaced by a hydroxo-group resulting in the formation of an inactive OH-Cbl-enzyme complex, and the NAD+ is converted to NAD ...
A New Cell Secreting Insulin
... A 100-l PCR volume was made by adding 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Life Technologies, Inc.), to a PCR mixture containing 1⫻ reaction buffer [50 mm KCl, 10 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 0.1% Triton X-100, and 2.5 mm MgCl2], and 200 m of each deoxy-NTP (Sigma-Aldrich), 4 m of each primer (sense and antisense) ...
... A 100-l PCR volume was made by adding 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Life Technologies, Inc.), to a PCR mixture containing 1⫻ reaction buffer [50 mm KCl, 10 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 0.1% Triton X-100, and 2.5 mm MgCl2], and 200 m of each deoxy-NTP (Sigma-Aldrich), 4 m of each primer (sense and antisense) ...
Glyphosate pathways to modern diseases V: Amino
... sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological diseases [1]. A recent study of glyphosate’s effects on the rhizosphere microbiome showed sharp increases in the expression of proteins involved with both protein synthesis and especially protein degradation, implying that multiple synthesized proteins were fai ...
... sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological diseases [1]. A recent study of glyphosate’s effects on the rhizosphere microbiome showed sharp increases in the expression of proteins involved with both protein synthesis and especially protein degradation, implying that multiple synthesized proteins were fai ...
MPN+, a putative catalytic motif found in a subset of MPN domain
... These domains are found in members of two other eukaryotic macromolecular assemblages as well: the COP9 signalosome (CSN) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). The functions of these domains are not known, but they are necessary for proper interactions between subunits of these ...
... These domains are found in members of two other eukaryotic macromolecular assemblages as well: the COP9 signalosome (CSN) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). The functions of these domains are not known, but they are necessary for proper interactions between subunits of these ...
Malonyl-CoA and AMP-activated protein kinase: An expanding
... The malonyl CoA glucose sensing mechanism has been implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion by glucose in the pancreatic β-cell [10, 44], as well as the damage to the βcell caused by sustained high blood glucose levels. In addition, glucose-induced changes in the enzyme protein kinase C, wh ...
... The malonyl CoA glucose sensing mechanism has been implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion by glucose in the pancreatic β-cell [10, 44], as well as the damage to the βcell caused by sustained high blood glucose levels. In addition, glucose-induced changes in the enzyme protein kinase C, wh ...
- Free Documents
... both cases it is the gain or loss oI phosphate groups that determines whether the protein is active or inactive. The largest class consists oI proteins that are activated or inactivated by . For these proteins, the switch is thrown in one Chapter phosphorylation discussed in direction by a protein k ...
... both cases it is the gain or loss oI phosphate groups that determines whether the protein is active or inactive. The largest class consists oI proteins that are activated or inactivated by . For these proteins, the switch is thrown in one Chapter phosphorylation discussed in direction by a protein k ...
PDF
... Fig. 2. Nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy. Autophagy proceeds constitutively at a low basal rate in most cells, and can be induced to high levels in response to starvation, loss of growth factor signaling and other stressors. The TOR signaling pathway plays a central role in many of these r ...
... Fig. 2. Nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy. Autophagy proceeds constitutively at a low basal rate in most cells, and can be induced to high levels in response to starvation, loss of growth factor signaling and other stressors. The TOR signaling pathway plays a central role in many of these r ...
as a PDF
... Thus, the ability of TRAP to modulate which of these two alternative structures forms in response to changes in the intracellular tryptophan concentration serves as the basis for the transcription attenuation mechanism of this operon (Fig. 2). In addition to the antiterminator and terminator structu ...
... Thus, the ability of TRAP to modulate which of these two alternative structures forms in response to changes in the intracellular tryptophan concentration serves as the basis for the transcription attenuation mechanism of this operon (Fig. 2). In addition to the antiterminator and terminator structu ...
12659942_three sites - University of Canterbury
... occupied by Tyr in two of the four subunits, as had been earlier observed for Phe. 20 The soaking of crystals in solutions containing lower concentrations of Tyr resulted in structures that either had no Tyr bound or partially defined electron density corresponding to Tyr in both site 2 and site 3. ...
... occupied by Tyr in two of the four subunits, as had been earlier observed for Phe. 20 The soaking of crystals in solutions containing lower concentrations of Tyr resulted in structures that either had no Tyr bound or partially defined electron density corresponding to Tyr in both site 2 and site 3. ...
Regulation of Translation by Essential Amino Acids and Glucose in
... and energy supply to the lactating mammary gland. Increasing energy supply to the mammary gland has been suggested as a plausible nutritional intervention to stimulate mammary protein synthesis and to increase N efficiency; however, it is often suggested that when protein yield fails to rise in resp ...
... and energy supply to the lactating mammary gland. Increasing energy supply to the mammary gland has been suggested as a plausible nutritional intervention to stimulate mammary protein synthesis and to increase N efficiency; however, it is often suggested that when protein yield fails to rise in resp ...
Some Structural and Kinetic Aspects of L
... However, the structural events following phosphorylation of L-PK and the molecular basis of L-PK cooperativity against PEP are not well understood. Moreover, it is not clear whether phosphorylation amplifies cooperativity of L-PK catalysis, or this property is generated through the enzyme phosphory ...
... However, the structural events following phosphorylation of L-PK and the molecular basis of L-PK cooperativity against PEP are not well understood. Moreover, it is not clear whether phosphorylation amplifies cooperativity of L-PK catalysis, or this property is generated through the enzyme phosphory ...
Moore BA, Gonzalez Aviles GD, Larkins CE, Hillman MJ, Caspary T. Mamm Genome. 2010 Aug;21(7-8):350-60. Mitochondrial retention of Opa1 is required for mouse embryogenesis
... for details). From this sequencing we identified a single mutation: an A ? G transition mutation in intron 19 of Opa1 that created a cryptic splice acceptor site (Fig. 1). From the sequencing of Opa1 cDNA extracted from lilR3 embryos, we verified that the predominant transcript produced from the mut ...
... for details). From this sequencing we identified a single mutation: an A ? G transition mutation in intron 19 of Opa1 that created a cryptic splice acceptor site (Fig. 1). From the sequencing of Opa1 cDNA extracted from lilR3 embryos, we verified that the predominant transcript produced from the mut ...
Lactobacillus plantarum - UEF Electronic Publications
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of organisms found in a wide range of environmental niches due to their large adaptation capacity. They are responsible for the fermentation of many fermented food and feed products because they can transform sugars into organic acids and decrease ...
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of organisms found in a wide range of environmental niches due to their large adaptation capacity. They are responsible for the fermentation of many fermented food and feed products because they can transform sugars into organic acids and decrease ...
Natural cannabinoids: Templates for drug discovery
... acid (THCA, 1) is formed from CBGA (13) through stereoselective oxidocyclization involving tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCA synthase) (Sirikantaramas et al., 2004; Taura et al., 1995). THCA synthase is a monomeric flavinylated enzyme that oxidizes CBGA (13) via a mechanism similar to that ...
... acid (THCA, 1) is formed from CBGA (13) through stereoselective oxidocyclization involving tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCA synthase) (Sirikantaramas et al., 2004; Taura et al., 1995). THCA synthase is a monomeric flavinylated enzyme that oxidizes CBGA (13) via a mechanism similar to that ...
Phosphate Groups Modifying Myelin Basic Proteins Are
... and accumulation decrease progressively (47). Because of its high concentration of lipid (70%) and resulting low buoyant density, myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) is readily isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (46). During the period of rapid myelin accumulation, it is poss ...
... and accumulation decrease progressively (47). Because of its high concentration of lipid (70%) and resulting low buoyant density, myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) is readily isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (46). During the period of rapid myelin accumulation, it is poss ...
Ma et al 2009 - HKUST Institutional Repository
... 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) remained at a low level for the first 5 cell cycles of zebrafish development, then began to increase after 1.75 hpf (i.e., the 32-cell stage), finally reaching a plateau at ~2.75 hpf to 3.0 hpf (i.e., the 512-cell to 1k-cell stage). ...
... 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) remained at a low level for the first 5 cell cycles of zebrafish development, then began to increase after 1.75 hpf (i.e., the 32-cell stage), finally reaching a plateau at ~2.75 hpf to 3.0 hpf (i.e., the 512-cell to 1k-cell stage). ...
- Wiley Online Library
... At the NMJ, the motor neuron provides the initiation signal to the muscle and does so rapidly and transiently, necessitating an off switch. NMJ function requires coordination of many transcripts that are expressed primarily or exclusively local to the NMJ (Figure 1). MC is initiated by ACh release f ...
... At the NMJ, the motor neuron provides the initiation signal to the muscle and does so rapidly and transiently, necessitating an off switch. NMJ function requires coordination of many transcripts that are expressed primarily or exclusively local to the NMJ (Figure 1). MC is initiated by ACh release f ...
Chapter 8: Energy generation:glycolysis
... Oxygen is used up during the reaction, so in chemical terms the process is an oxidation. Glucose oxidation is a highly exergonic reaction, yielding 2870 kJ of energy for every mole of glucose that is broken down. In biochemical terms, this is a substantial amount of energy; a typical endergonic enzy ...
... Oxygen is used up during the reaction, so in chemical terms the process is an oxidation. Glucose oxidation is a highly exergonic reaction, yielding 2870 kJ of energy for every mole of glucose that is broken down. In biochemical terms, this is a substantial amount of energy; a typical endergonic enzy ...
Paracrine signalling
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Signal_transduction_pathways.png?width=300)
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.