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Transcription and Translation Work Sheet:
Transcription and Translation Work Sheet:

... Abbreviations for the 20 different amino acids: Phenylalanine-Phe, Leucine-Leu, Isoleucine-Ile, Methionine-Met, Valine-Val, Serine-Ser, Proline-Pro, Threonine-Thr, Alanine-Ala, Tyrosine-Tyr, Histidine-His, Glutamine-Gin, Asparagine-Asn, Lysine-Lys, Aspartate-Asp, Glutamate-Glu, Cysteine-Cys, Tryptop ...
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... amino acids in a polypeptide chain. For example, the pancreatic hormone insulin has two polypeptide chains, A and B, shown in the diagram below. Each chain has its own set of amino acids, assembled in a particular order. For instance, the sequence of the A chain starts with glycine at the N-terminus ...
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... “Reusable” proteins that put together or break down substrates to form products 2. Since enzymes are proteins they are made of ……what? Amino acids joined by peptide bonds 3. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called? Activation Energy (EA) 4. How do enzymes increase the rate or speed ...
Biology I SB1bc Enzymes and Macromolecules Test Study Guide
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... “Reusable” proteins that put together or break down substrates to form products 2. Since enzymes are proteins they are made of ……what? Amino acids joined by peptide bonds 3. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called? Activation Energy (EA) 4. How do enzymes increase the rate or speed ...
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... nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) can serve as a co-substrate, but NAD+ is mainly used as for glutamate degradation and NADPH is used for its synthesis. The glutamate dehydrogenase reaction implies that glutamate is both nonessential and gl ...
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... 4. Explain how functional groups allow organic molecules to be linked together. 5. Identify the sugars Glucose, Galactose and Fructose when the structure is given. 6. Be able to draw the ringed structure of glucose and show how two glucose units can join together to form maltose. Name the kind of re ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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