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Slide 1
Slide 1

... – Ketoacidosis: results if oxaloacetate in short supply; acetyl-CoA converted into ketones, which are weak acids; can occur due to starvation, low-carbohydrate diet, or by uncontrolled diabetes ...
Unit 2 Test Retake Review Sheet – Cell Biology Answer questions
Unit 2 Test Retake Review Sheet – Cell Biology Answer questions

... data” graph and discuss what happened when a base or acid was added. Which two elements must be found in organic molecules? All enzymes are catalysts but not all catalysts are _________________. Explain the lock and key model and relate it to enzymes and substrates. Explain why specific enzymes only ...
Macromolecules Vocabulary and Concepts
Macromolecules Vocabulary and Concepts

...  Glycerol + 3 fatty acids  Ester Linkage joins fatty acids to the glycerol molecule ? What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? o Phospholipid  Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate  Amphipathic  Cell membranes ? How does the degree of saturation of fatty acids in a cell mem ...
A2 Module 2814: Chains, Rings and Spectroscopy
A2 Module 2814: Chains, Rings and Spectroscopy

... small molecule, such as H2O or HCl is lost), and if several amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, this is an example of condensation polymerisation. If more than about forty amino acid units are involved, the polymer is classed as a protein. Natural peptides and proteins can use any of the t ...
PPT 4
PPT 4

... H –C–C–H + Cl2  H–C–C–Cl + HCl H H H H If more chlorine is provided, the reaction will produce... H H H H H –C–C–Cl + Cl2  Cl–C–C–Cl + HCl H H H H AND SO ON. ...
Week 2 Handout with No answers
Week 2 Handout with No answers

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Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites

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chapter 24
chapter 24

... If the amino acid skeleton has 3 carbons, it can be converted to pyruvate. If they have 4 or 5 carbons, they can be converted to another intermediate in the citric acid cycle (oxaloacetate, or a-ketoglutarate). ...
Exam II answer key
Exam II answer key

... e) can phosphorylate themselves on their own cytoplasmic domains when activated f) that have been actiated by hormone binding are recognized by target poroteins hainvg SH2 (src protein homology region 2) sequences g) are so named because they contain extraordinarily high amounts of tyrosine. Ch 14 q ...
Exam II
Exam II

... e) can phosphorylate themselves on their own cytoplasmic domains when activated f) that have been actiated by hormone binding are recognized by target poroteins hainvg SH2 (src protein homology region 2) sequences g) are so named because they contain extraordinarily high amounts of tyrosine. Ch 14 q ...
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Fab Four – The Muscle-Building Supplements

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... IV. (4 pts) Complete the analogy by filling in the blank with the appropriate response: 1. Pyruvate is to Alanine as -Ketoglutarate is to __Glutamate__ 2. Phosphofructokinase-1 is to Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase as Hexokinase is to Glucose-6phosphatase_ 3. Marasmus is to inadequate protein and energ ...
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A look at macromolecules (Text pages 38

... • Quaternary: more than one polypeptide chain Structure determined by order of amino acids • Degree of hydrogen bonding • Structure can be ‘denatured’ • Gentle vs. harsh ...
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Notes Chemical Basis for Life BIO.A.2

... occur at normal temperatures • Without enzymes, too much energy would be needed to start all of the thousands of reactions your body performs all of the time! ...
Amino Acid Catabolism 2
Amino Acid Catabolism 2

... Often the first step of amino acid degradation Transfer of amino group from many amino acids to limited number of keto acid acceptors ...
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Classifying Organic Molecules Lab
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... 14. If n=6, how many carbon atoms are there? How many hydrogen atoms are there? How many oxygen atoms are there? 15. Take your non-nitrogen pile and sort out those cards that have OH attached to most carbons. Be aware that organic chemists use many shortcuts in drawing complex molecules. They often ...
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... In a process called transcripaon which takes place in the nucleus of the cell, messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and copies the DNlt's nucleotide sequences in the form of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this information in the form of a code to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis tak ...
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...  Helps to produce enzymes needed to bond amino acids together during protein synthesis ...
Review on Biochemistry: Protein Chemistry
Review on Biochemistry: Protein Chemistry

...  -carboxyglutamate: found in prothrombin and certain Ca2+-binding protein.  Desmosine (a derivative of four Lys residues): found in the fibrous protein elastin.  Selenocysteine: Selenium replaces sulfur in cysteine during amino acid synthesis (derived from serine).  Amino acids not as constitue ...
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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Chapter 4: Amino Acids General Features of Amino Acids
Chapter 4: Amino Acids General Features of Amino Acids

... Peptide bond formation is a condensation reaction leading to the polymerization of amino acids into peptides and proteins. (Peptide: hormones, neurotransmitters, several antibiotics and antitumor agents) The presence of the carbonyl group in a peptide bond allows electron resonance stabilization to ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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