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5 Lipid and Protein Metabolism
5 Lipid and Protein Metabolism

... conditions • Protein metabolism will happen under fasting or starvation conditions ...
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4-6

Assignment on DNA, RNA, Transcription and Translation
Assignment on DNA, RNA, Transcription and Translation

... can’t get out. To solve this problem, copies of the DNA are made in a form called mRNA. The process of making mRNA from DNA is called transcription. After transcription, the mRNA copies leave the nucleus to be in the part of the cell outside the nucleus, otherwise known as the cytoplasm. mRNA can’t ...
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practice note taking

... Activation energy - too high for living cells - cellular reactions must occur quickly and at low temperatures ...
Syllabus for GUTS lecture on Amino Acids
Syllabus for GUTS lecture on Amino Acids

... major force in stabilizing protein structure. Hydrophobic patches may also be found on the surfaces of some cytoplasmic proteins where they often form sites that interact with other proteins. ...
Tyrosine-Derived Neurotransmitters
Tyrosine-Derived Neurotransmitters

... molecules disulfide bonded together (abbreviated GSSG). The enzyme glutathione reductase utilizes NADPH as a cofactor to reduce GSSG back to two moles of GSH. Hence, the pentose phosphate pathway is an extremely important pathway of erythrocytes for the continuing production of the NADPH needed by g ...
Microbiology (Notes)
Microbiology (Notes)

... forms the basis of the estimation of the entropy of bacterial cell division in [2]) ...
Nutrients - SBI3URHKing
Nutrients - SBI3URHKing

... – 8 Amino Acids are considered ESSENTIAL and must be obtained from the food we eat ...
Association Triangles: Supplemental Examples mRNA rRNA tRNA
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Biochemistry PP

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Macromolecules biologyjunction

... CIRCLE AND LABEL the carboxyl groups in the 2 fatty acids on this worksheet. Color the fatty acid chains the same colors for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as you did before. A special type of lipid called phospholipids help make up the cell membrane. Two layers of these phospholipids make up the memb ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen

... control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active site. Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral, etc. change the shape of enzymes and their active sites so the enzy ...
a very large molecule, Protein, carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid
a very large molecule, Protein, carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid

Chemistry gb - Shelton School District
Chemistry gb - Shelton School District

... Amino acid: A small molecule that is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. Proteins are large chains of amino acids that bond together and then fold to create useable cell parts. Proteins also make up enzymes which speed up chemical reactions. ...
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... alanine, be specific. Think “R-Group” (you will have to look this up). Cysteine’s R-group is CH2-SH while Alanine is CH3 14. Diagram the joining of 2 amino acids together through dehydration synthesis to form a dipeptide with a peptide bond. Highlight the peptide bond. ...
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Components needed for Translation tRNAs Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

... Proofreading by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases • In addition to precision in the initial recognition of substrate amino acids, the aatRNA synthetases catalyze proofreading reactions. • If an incorrect amino acid is used in the synthetase reaction, it can be removed. – Some enzymes “check” the amino aci ...
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Working with Data Primary Structure Specifies Tertiary Structure

... determined the three-dimensional structure. The second protein whose structure was determined was ribonuclease A, an enzyme from cows that was readily available from pancreases at slaughterhouses. Because it works in the highly acidic environment of the cow stomach, RNase A was stable compared to mo ...
Fibrous proteins are especially abundant outside the cell, where
Fibrous proteins are especially abundant outside the cell, where

... as allostery. These types of enzymes must have at least two different binding sites on their surface-active site recognizes the substrate and a second site on their surface recognize a regulatory molecule. ...
Extension and Enrichment
Extension and Enrichment

... biological structure and the function it must perform. In this activity we will explore how the structure of the protein that is indicated by its sequence of amino acid is related to its function. 1. Each protein is made up of building blocks or ____________________ called _____________________. 2. ...
AAA-Direct Amino Acid Analysis System
AAA-Direct Amino Acid Analysis System

... lower potential, the response is suppressed for amino acids other than hydroxy amino acids. Carbohydrates and hydroxy-amino acids can then be detected selectively in the same sample. Figure 8 shows a series of superimposed chromatograms from a timecourse study on an E. coli fermentation broth. The g ...
BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN COMMUNITY COLLEGE City
BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN COMMUNITY COLLEGE City

... one’s own creation. Using the idea or work of another is permissible only when the original author is identified. Paraphrasing and summarizing, as well as direct quotations, require citations to the original source. Plagiarism may be intentional or unintentional. Lack of dishonest intent does not ne ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Illinois State University
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Illinois State University

... 3. Organisms grow and reproduce according to instructions encoded in the genetic material 4. Organisms respond to environmental influences ...
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Metabolism

... • Redox potential is a measure of the affinity of compounds for electrons. The more positive a compound’s redox potential is, the greater its tendency to acquire electrons. – Redox potential is measured in millivolts (mV), relative to hydrogen at 1 atm pressure. Compounds are at 1 M concentration. • ...
McDougall, K. J.  and  V. W. Woodword. Suppression
McDougall, K. J. and V. W. Woodword. Suppression

... previously accumulated arginine occurs either in the Alanine ...
Biological importance of Uronic Acid Pathway
Biological importance of Uronic Acid Pathway

... 4. Synthesis of sphingosine and cerebrosides. 5. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids, e.g., glutamate (through the reversible glutamate dehydrogenase) and tyrosine from phenylalanine. 6. Regeneration of reduced glutathione. 7. Metabolic hydroxylation with cytp450. ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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