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Solutions to 7.014 Quiz I
Solutions to 7.014 Quiz I

... cellular functions as culture B that derives 36 molecules of ATP/molecule of glucose through respiration. iii) At the time when both cultures run out of food, will there be approximately the same number of cells in each? Why or why not? No. Because culture B utilizes its food stores more efficiently ...
Basic Amino Acid Inhibition of Cell Division and
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Defining the role of Histidyl tRNA Synthetase in the Zebrafish...  Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are critical enzymes responsible for attaching specific
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Powerpoint
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... Some R groups are reactive and will interact with other reactive R groups in the chain. These are the amino acids that are either charged or that have a sulphur atom. The interactions ( + and – attractions and S-S bridges) will fold the molecule over into a highly specific 3-dimensional shape. It is ...
Carlson, Scott M.: Sequence Motifs are Necessary but not Sufficient for Predicting Post-translational Modifications
Carlson, Scott M.: Sequence Motifs are Necessary but not Sufficient for Predicting Post-translational Modifications

... nodes (sparse coding of 16 positions with 20 inputs each), 320 2nd layer neurons, 3 3rd layer neurons, and a single output neuron. Specificity of 95.4% is very high, but it was only achieved using a somewhat over-trained classifier with 1,611 degrees of freedom. Low selectivity and high specificity ...
Amino Acids Proteins, and Enzymes
Amino Acids Proteins, and Enzymes

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Unit 1 PPT 3 (2biii-iv Binding and conformation)
Unit 1 PPT 3 (2biii-iv Binding and conformation)

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Chapter 2b Packet
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Workshop VII Secondary metabolism Chair: Christian Hertweck 161
Workshop VII Secondary metabolism Chair: Christian Hertweck 161

... Institut für Botanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, 251 8324801; Fax: (0049) 251 8323823; E-mail: [email protected] ...
Digestion of Proteins
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Chem 465 Biochemistry II
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Protein Synthesis - Katy Independent School District
Protein Synthesis - Katy Independent School District

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PATTERNS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

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... (7) Enzymes are potent catalysts because they: a. are consumed in the reactions they catalyze. b. are very specific and can prevent the conversion of products back to substrates. c. drive reactions to completion while other catalysts drive reactions to equilibrium. d. increase the equilibrium consta ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
The Citric Acid Cycle

... The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates. • Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A • This cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell • It is the gateway to aerobic metabolism for any mol ...
chapt06b_lecture
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Isoleucine Synthesis by Clostridium sporogenes from
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... donors and acceptors (the Stickland reaction) have been studied extensively (Barker, 1981). Less consideration has been given to the synthesis of amino acids by strictly anaerobic bacteria. The development in our laboratory of a simple defined medium for C . sporogenes (Hadioetomo, 1980) has allowed ...
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22. Analysis of Haloarchaeal Genomes

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Biological Molecules continued
Biological Molecules continued

... Two amino acids can bond to form a dipeptide in a condensation reaction. These amino acids can bond to each other in a long chain to form what is commonly called a polypeptide. These long chains can have hundreds of amino acids and their shape is influenced by several factors such as hydrogen bondin ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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