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Chapter 7 Review
Chapter 7 Review

... 39. The purpose of aminoacylation is to charge the tRNA with its amino acid. 40. There are several advantages that prokaryotes have over eukaryotes in protein synthesis, including that transcription and translation can occur in the same location; no 5′ cap must be added; prokaryotes have a higher ra ...
View/Open - Oregon State University
View/Open - Oregon State University

... 4. In animals, lactate is made from pyruvate when oxygen is missing (anaerobic - such as in muscles during heavy exertion). This is done to regenerate NAD+, which is low in low oxygen conditions. NAD+ is needed to keep glycolysis going under these conditions. 5. In microorganisms, pyruvate is conver ...
Amino acids in the seaweeds as an alternate source of protein for
Amino acids in the seaweeds as an alternate source of protein for

... acid present. Phenylalanine + tyrosine, threonine and tryptophan levels were much higher than those in egg and milk proteins. Lysine and methionine levels in G. corticata were lower than those in FAO reference pattern. The phenylalanine + tyrosine, threonine and tryptophan levels in this species wer ...
Optimization of Programmed Suppression in a Cell
Optimization of Programmed Suppression in a Cell

Biochemistry
Biochemistry

... _____; mass # is _________  Most have same chemical properties ...
Genetic Transformation computer exercise v02 r01
Genetic Transformation computer exercise v02 r01

... mutated (GeneB) genes; this is known as a DNA sequence alignment. An alignment uses an algorithm (a step-by-step procedure) to compare the order of nucleotide bases in the sequences and then lines them up so that the number of identical bases is maximized. The alignment program will point out those ...
LipidCat+AAmetabolism
LipidCat+AAmetabolism

... bacteria to nitrate (nitrification) Nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase found in plants and microorganisms: ...
Module 3 Notes
Module 3 Notes

... o Yields ____________ than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under ___________________ conditions  _____________ sources can be used o Eg, can oxidize lipids, _____________  Polymers broken down by enzymes  Smaller subunits enter catabolism at various points of gly ...
Intro to Macromolecules
Intro to Macromolecules

... b. Large compounds are formed by joining together smaller compounds c. Smaller units are called monomers d. Monomers join together to form larger polymers ...
proteins
proteins

... There are different kinds of vegetarians, depending on what they eat. ...
EXAM III KEY - the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center
EXAM III KEY - the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center

... (a.) The purpose of the glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle is to pass electrons from cytosolic NADH (produced by glycolysis) into the mitochondrial electron transport system. This is done via FAD to FADH2 and from FADH2 to Q. (b.) Since the electrons enter at Q and into complex III, by-passing ...
Amino acid An organic compound containing both an
Amino acid An organic compound containing both an

... A chemical reaction which involves at least one of the following: loss of electrons, the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. (Rust is the result of the oxidation of iron; the oxidation of fats in foods results in rancidity.) ...
SYNTHESIS OF OXOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES COUPLED TO DIFFERENT AMINO ACID ESTERS
SYNTHESIS OF OXOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES COUPLED TO DIFFERENT AMINO ACID ESTERS

... acetic acid side chain of quinolone. The DCC/ HOBt coupling reagents used for the peptide bond formation. Results: The proposed analogues were successfully synthesized and their structural formulas were consistent with the proposed structures as they were characterized and proved by thin layer chrom ...
PRODUCT FACT SHEET - Taylormade Horse Supplies
PRODUCT FACT SHEET - Taylormade Horse Supplies

... Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (Tying-Up). ER occurs when there is an inadequate flow of blood to the muscles of an exercising horse. The muscle cells, lacking in oxygen, begin to function anaerobically to produce the needed ATP. The anaerobic work creates a buildup of waste products, acid, and he ...
1MBO Lopez kin
1MBO Lopez kin

... catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme IX (heme). Due to the many critical roles of heme, synthesis of heme is required by the vast majority of organisms. Despite significant investigation of both the microbial and eucaryotic enzyme, details of metal chelati ...
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

... proteins, and nucleic acids—form chainlike molecules called polymers.  A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.  The repeated units are small molecules called monomers.  Some of the molecules that serve as monomers have other f ...
Microbiology with Diseases Taxonomy
Microbiology with Diseases Taxonomy

... The chemistry of the cell would basically be impossible without hydrogen bonds. Water, which is required by all cellular reactions, would not have its unique properties of cohesiveness and polarity without hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds hold the double helix of DNA together and contribute to the ove ...
PEPTIDES and PROTEINS
PEPTIDES and PROTEINS

... R groups remain UNCHANGED – remain active N-terminal amino and C-terminal carboxyl are also available for further reaction Reaction is NOT thermodynamically favorable (not spontaneous) o Need energy and other components and instructions to correctly assemble  This is the process of protein translat ...
REGULATORY ENZYMES
REGULATORY ENZYMES

... Phosphorylation/Signal Transduction • Phosphorylation of one enzyme can lead to phosphorylation of a different enzyme which in turn acts on another enzyme, and so on. An example of this type of phosphorylation cascade is the response of a cell to cyclic AMP and its effect on glycogen metabolism. Us ...
Structure of a protein - Campus
Structure of a protein - Campus

... provided by the various growth and support roles they play with regard to cell structures. Moreover, metabolic reactions take place with sufficient speed in the cellular environment for the presence of enzymes. ...
Metabolism - College of the Canyons
Metabolism - College of the Canyons

... • free amino acids also can be converted to glucose and fat or directly used as fuel • conversions involve three processes: – deamination – removal of an amino group (-NH2) – amination – addition of -NH2 – transamination – transfer of -NH2 from one molecule to another ...
Biological Pathways I
Biological Pathways I

... Reactions near equilibrium — Easily switch direction depending on relative concentrations of reactants and products Enzymes act to restore equilibrium Reactions far from equilibrium — Irreversible Enzymes act as dams — have insufficient activity to allow reaction to approach equilibrium; reactants b ...
Supplementary Text 2: Extensions to the prototype model
Supplementary Text 2: Extensions to the prototype model

... rat7,8 and swine9 that this condensation step is at least one of the rate-limiting steps in the overall elongation of very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA. In yeast, it has been shown that mutants with disruption of ELO1 and FAS2 must be supplied with fatty acids of at least ...
Chapter 10 Summary
Chapter 10 Summary

... vitamin is stored, toxicity can occur, resulting in neurological problems. Good sources of vitamin B 6 include chickpeas (garbanzo beans), fish, liver, and potatoes, as well as fortified breakfast cereals and bakery products. Biotin acts as a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing carboxylation reactions. ...
A Study of Free Amino Acids and of Glutamine
A Study of Free Amino Acids and of Glutamine

... vidual free amino acids with the effects of tumor growth on the total free amino acid concentration of liver and muscle, the free a-amino nitrogen of these tissues was also determined. In the liver (Table 2), no significant difference in the total free amino acids between the tumor-bearing and con t ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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