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REVISIT ANATOMY OF EAR THE EXTERNAL EAR PINNA cont.
REVISIT ANATOMY OF EAR THE EXTERNAL EAR PINNA cont.

... Superior tympani (middle meningeal artery) and petrosal branch Posterior tympani (posterior auricular artery) Inferior tympanic (ascending Ph artery) Tympanic branch from artery of pterygoid canal.Coticotympanic from ...
RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED1 Regulates
RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED1 Regulates

... et al., 2005; Xie et al., 2010). CDKB2 action was found to be specifically required for the function of the shoot apical meristem (Andersen et al., 2008). CDKs by themselves have almost no kinase activity and require the binding of a cyclin partner. In Arabidopsis, there are 30 cyclins and almost all ...
Left inferior lobe
Left inferior lobe

... – Internal surfaces • A site for free movement of alveolar macrophages ...
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis

... fission reactions that yield mature lysosomes that can fuse with late endosomes (Ward et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2003). In addition to all of these membrane dynamics, lysosomal enzymes are targeted from the biosynthetic pathway to lysosomes, a process referred to as lysosome biogenesis (Mullins and Bo ...
Ch22.Respiratory.System_1
Ch22.Respiratory.System_1

... – Internal surfaces • A site for free movement of alveolar macrophages ...
Receptor Activation and Homer Differentially Control the Lateral
Receptor Activation and Homer Differentially Control the Lateral

... fragment of mGluR5-GFP (mGluR5-myc-GFP). The mGluR5-myc receptor was expressed in Ptk2 cells. It is f unctional in these cells, because application of glutamate to transfected cells elicited oscillations in intracellular calcium levels indistinguishable from those triggered through wild-type recepto ...
A cell wall reference profile for Miscanthus bioenergy crops
A cell wall reference profile for Miscanthus bioenergy crops

... the cell wall. Previous work based on Fourier transform midinfrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies suggested that structural polysaccharides are major contributors to compositional variability during stem development and between organs (da Costa et al., 2014). In the present study, we identify componen ...
4 - EMD Millipore
4 - EMD Millipore

... The research essential biochemicals discussed in this guide have utility and importance that cover multiple techniques and cut across multiple research fields, including cancer and apoptosis, cell signaling, neuroscience, cell health and toxicity, metabolism, cell structure, epigenetics, inflammatio ...
Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Disturbed Na Homeostasis
Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Disturbed Na Homeostasis

... excitation and 510-nm emission wavelengths in a Deltascan fluorescence spectrophotometer (PTI, Monmouth Junction, NJ). A calibration curve was used to quantify [Na1]i (in millimolar). The calibration curve was made in the presence of 3 mM gramicidin in a medium containing different concentrations of ...
Gain and Loss of Photosynthetic Membranes during
Gain and Loss of Photosynthetic Membranes during

... neither homogeneous nor necessarily null. Rather, their developmental state varies with the specific region and/or layer of the SAM in which they are found. Plastids throughout the L1 and L3 layers of the SAM possess fairly developed thylakoid networks. However, many of these plastids eventually los ...
The Arf and Rab11 effector FIP3 acts synergistically with ASAP1 to
The Arf and Rab11 effector FIP3 acts synergistically with ASAP1 to

... containing Rab11a, the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ASAP1 and the Arf-Rab11 effector FIP3 (also known as RAB11FIP3) (Mazelova et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). The rhodopsin sequence encodes at least two ciliary targeting motifs, the VxPx and the FR, and they are conserved among other ciliary ...
Presequence-Independent Manner Transported by the TIM23
Presequence-Independent Manner Transported by the TIM23

... transporters. Mitochondria import the vast majority of proteins from the cytoplasm. While most of these proteins use aminoterminal-targeting signals (presequences) for transport, which direct the proteins across the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria, many multispanning inner membrane pro ...
Storage globulins pass through the Golgi apparatus and
Storage globulins pass through the Golgi apparatus and

... storage vacuoles (PSVs). Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to be responsible for transporting storage proteins to PSVs in developing seeds. In this study, a specific antibody was raised against the mung bean (Vigna radiata) seed storage protein 8S globulin and its deposition was followed via im ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of

... In both yeast and mammals, endosomes recruit FYVE-domain proteins due to high levels of PI(3)P when the FYVE sequence acts as a PI(3)P-binding module (Gillooly et al., 2000; Jensen et al., 2001). This is mediated via specific recruitment of PI3Ks, supporting local production of PI(3)P to these membra ...
4 - Merck Millipore
4 - Merck Millipore

... The research essential biochemicals discussed in this guide have utility and importance that cover multiple techniques and cut across multiple research fields, including cancer and apoptosis, cell signaling, neuroscience, cell health and toxicity, metabolism, cell structure, epigenetics, inflammatio ...
Halogens: Quaternary Disinfectant Oxidizing
Halogens: Quaternary Disinfectant Oxidizing

... Peracetic acid Virkon S Oxy-Sept 333 ...
Cell Division Activity during Apical Hook
Cell Division Activity during Apical Hook

... Figure 4. Steps in ACC-mediated exaggerated apical hook. A, Confocal sections of the apical hook during ACC application. Seedlings were grown in air (i) or treated with ACC for 20 h (see Materials and Methods; ii, iii, iv). Two steps in exaggerated hook development were observed: ii, arc elongation; ...
Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell
Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell

... that constitutes <10% of primary cell walls in eudicots and is found in all vascular plants. RG-II is a highly complex structure with a HG backbone and (A–D) substituted side chains of oligosaccharides. Borate cross-links apiosyl residues in side chain A of RG-II monomers and forms apiose–borate– ap ...
Lipid rafts
Lipid rafts

... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
AP Biology Unit 3 Introductory PP
AP Biology Unit 3 Introductory PP

... • Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure • Experiments demonstrate that protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds • For example, small membrane-bounded droplets called liposomes ca ...
The glycocalyx of the sperm surface
The glycocalyx of the sperm surface

... or biotin (Naaby Hansen et al., 1997). Some of these are glycosylated and go to form what is generally referred to as the sperm glycocalyx. Additionally, the glycocalyx comprises carbohydrate residues linked to lipids and other molecular structures. Not all such molecules are tightly bound to the sp ...
Journal of Cell Science • Advance article Rop, the
Journal of Cell Science • Advance article Rop, the

... some hypomorphic Rop mutants survive into larval stages (Table 1). At the permissive and restrictive temperatures, 27.0% and 0.9% of embryos from RopA19/G11 parents hatched (Table S3 in supplementary material). Normal hatch rates for wild type embryos of 87.6% at 25°C and 86.3% at 32°C showed that t ...
Hepatic Secretion of Conjugated Drugs and Endogenous Substances
Hepatic Secretion of Conjugated Drugs and Endogenous Substances

... lipophilic substances cannot exit across the plasma membrane into bile in the absence of the ATPdependent export pump MRP2. The lack of this protein prevents the secretion into bile of substances such as the glutathione S-conjugate leukotriene C415 and N-acetyl leukotriene E4,17 both high-affinity s ...
Measurements of Single Molecules in Solution and Live Cells
Measurements of Single Molecules in Solution and Live Cells

... spectroscopy and imaging, the molecule in the probe volume is most probably the molecule that just diffused out, turned around, and diffused back in, i.e. reentered. Most people consider reentries a major problem. The challenging goal is the theoretical and experimental demonstration of reentries of ...
Danon disease - Journal of Cell Science
Danon disease - Journal of Cell Science

... Some key phagocytic factors have been identified, including myosin VIIA – a mechanochemical protein thought to transport nascent POS-based vesicles (i.e. phagosomes) into the cell (Gibbs et al., 2003) – as well as proteins and proteases (e.g. βA3-crystallin, A1-crystallin and cathepsin D) that are i ...
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Cell membrane



The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.
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