Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Ventilator
... TLR4 and lung injuries The stimulation of inflammatory cytokines can up-regulate the secretion of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB. TLR4-MyD88 signaling plays an important role in the development of ventilator-induced lung injury in rats (20). Current findings suggest that injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) ...
... TLR4 and lung injuries The stimulation of inflammatory cytokines can up-regulate the secretion of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB. TLR4-MyD88 signaling plays an important role in the development of ventilator-induced lung injury in rats (20). Current findings suggest that injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) ...
Review Article Mesenchymal stem cell and regenerative medicine
... et al. who reported a “licensing” process of MSCs toward either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory phenotypes, depending on the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand used for activation [75]. The concept of MSC “licensing” has been discussed in the excellent review by Krampera [76]. In pursuance of the ...
... et al. who reported a “licensing” process of MSCs toward either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory phenotypes, depending on the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand used for activation [75]. The concept of MSC “licensing” has been discussed in the excellent review by Krampera [76]. In pursuance of the ...
A regulatory dendritic cell signature correlates with the clinical
... Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with a unique capacity to integrate a variety of incoming signals to orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Bidirectional interactions between DCs and T cells eventually lead to either effector or tolerogenic responses, which are ...
... Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with a unique capacity to integrate a variety of incoming signals to orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Bidirectional interactions between DCs and T cells eventually lead to either effector or tolerogenic responses, which are ...
The Lymphoid System and Lymphocyte Circulation
... receptors of lymphocytes. First, unlike those on cells of the innate immune system, the antigen receptors of lymphocytes do not distinguish microbial products from harmless ones; and second, only a very small number of lymphocytes express receptors of any given specificity. The first of these disadv ...
... receptors of lymphocytes. First, unlike those on cells of the innate immune system, the antigen receptors of lymphocytes do not distinguish microbial products from harmless ones; and second, only a very small number of lymphocytes express receptors of any given specificity. The first of these disadv ...
the_large_1 - Salk Institute
... The repertoire of random specificities is a mixture of those able to kill the host or kill the pathogen and evolution had to find a way to sort this mixture into two non-overlapping patterns of response. Only those specificities that are unable to kill the host are coupled to the biodestructive elim ...
... The repertoire of random specificities is a mixture of those able to kill the host or kill the pathogen and evolution had to find a way to sort this mixture into two non-overlapping patterns of response. Only those specificities that are unable to kill the host are coupled to the biodestructive elim ...
brain regeneration in physiology and pathology: the immune
... features such as unlimited capacity for self-renewal, indefinite ability to proliferate in response to mitogens, and multipotency for differentiation, characterized by the ability to give rise to different neuroectodermal lineages of the CNS; 2) multipotent progenitors of the adult brain, which are ...
... features such as unlimited capacity for self-renewal, indefinite ability to proliferate in response to mitogens, and multipotency for differentiation, characterized by the ability to give rise to different neuroectodermal lineages of the CNS; 2) multipotent progenitors of the adult brain, which are ...
Immunological and fibrotic mechanisms in Cardiac Allograft
... But which cells are mostly responsible for the development of CAV? The human immune system contains a variety of cells. After transplantation of a solid organ, the recipient’s immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it. In this process there are many different immune cells involved ...
... But which cells are mostly responsible for the development of CAV? The human immune system contains a variety of cells. After transplantation of a solid organ, the recipient’s immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it. In this process there are many different immune cells involved ...
Platelet-derived CD154 enables T-cell priming and
... initiated without delay to ensure survival. An effective adaptive response is dependent upon efficient activation of innate immunity since antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are not fully activated are poor stimulators of T- or B-cell responses.1-3 However, the initial infection usually involves e ...
... initiated without delay to ensure survival. An effective adaptive response is dependent upon efficient activation of innate immunity since antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are not fully activated are poor stimulators of T- or B-cell responses.1-3 However, the initial infection usually involves e ...
... while integrating multiple environmental cues to determine the context of these signals. Efficiency is important for T cells for several reasons: T cell receptors (TCRs) must be able to recognize a few activating peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes (∼10) in a sea of selfpMHC on the surface of an antigen-pre ...
Obstacles to ideal anti-HIV antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
... potential of NK cells by genetic determinants through an ontological process termed education [25–28]. As such, it is uncertain that all individuals carry NK cells capable of mediating sufficient Ab-dependent effector functions to provide protection against incoming viral infections via this immune r ...
... potential of NK cells by genetic determinants through an ontological process termed education [25–28]. As such, it is uncertain that all individuals carry NK cells capable of mediating sufficient Ab-dependent effector functions to provide protection against incoming viral infections via this immune r ...
The Stress Response and Its Functional Implications
... Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are formed by - two identical light (L) and the two identical heavy (H) chains. The main form of the immunoglobulins are described: one of them is presented on the membrane surface of the B cells as the antigen specific receptor (BCR). However, the other one exists as th ...
... Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are formed by - two identical light (L) and the two identical heavy (H) chains. The main form of the immunoglobulins are described: one of them is presented on the membrane surface of the B cells as the antigen specific receptor (BCR). However, the other one exists as th ...
in MUC1-Transgenic Mice Cells CD8 T Cells by Dendritic/Tumor
... Priming of naive T cells requires physical contact between APC and T cells. To determine whether the fusion cells interact with T cells after migration, FC/MUC1 were stained with mAb against MHC class II and MUC1 Ag and subjected to cell sorting. The purified FC/MUC1 were labeled with red-DiIC18(5) ...
... Priming of naive T cells requires physical contact between APC and T cells. To determine whether the fusion cells interact with T cells after migration, FC/MUC1 were stained with mAb against MHC class II and MUC1 Ag and subjected to cell sorting. The purified FC/MUC1 were labeled with red-DiIC18(5) ...
Regulatory T cells - TARA
... transforming growth factor (TGF)-, by innate cells in response to pathogen-derived molecules3,8 or indirectly, through the generation of Tr cells. An understanding of the role of Tr cells in immune homeostasis is far from complete and there are a number of important unanswered questions. How do reg ...
... transforming growth factor (TGF)-, by innate cells in response to pathogen-derived molecules3,8 or indirectly, through the generation of Tr cells. An understanding of the role of Tr cells in immune homeostasis is far from complete and there are a number of important unanswered questions. How do reg ...
Mechanisms of Maternal Immune Tolerance During
... 2008; Girardi et al., 2006). Activation of the complement cascade promotes chemotaxis of inflammatory cells and osmotic lysis of mammalian and bacterial cells through the formation of membrane attack complexes and is commonly used by the immune system to kill foreign or cancerous cells (Danilova, 20 ...
... 2008; Girardi et al., 2006). Activation of the complement cascade promotes chemotaxis of inflammatory cells and osmotic lysis of mammalian and bacterial cells through the formation of membrane attack complexes and is commonly used by the immune system to kill foreign or cancerous cells (Danilova, 20 ...
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: a molecule for all seasons
... addition to the formation of amyloid fibrils, the parasitization triggers host immunocytes to release ACTH-like and melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like (α-MSH-like) molecules and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). As stated above, ACTH-like mediators are involved in the migration and activation of circula ...
... addition to the formation of amyloid fibrils, the parasitization triggers host immunocytes to release ACTH-like and melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like (α-MSH-like) molecules and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). As stated above, ACTH-like mediators are involved in the migration and activation of circula ...
Basophils
... basophils release their granule contents including histamine, and generate and release LTC4. In addition, activated basophils produce cytokines, most notably IL-4 and IL-13 but also MIP-1α. Thus the physiological role of basophils is thought to be the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine ...
... basophils release their granule contents including histamine, and generate and release LTC4. In addition, activated basophils produce cytokines, most notably IL-4 and IL-13 but also MIP-1α. Thus the physiological role of basophils is thought to be the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine ...
Document
... basophils release their granule contents including histamine, and generate and release LTC4. In addition, activated basophils produce cytokines, most notably IL-4 and IL-13 but also MIP-1α. Thus the physiological role of basophils is thought to be the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine ...
... basophils release their granule contents including histamine, and generate and release LTC4. In addition, activated basophils produce cytokines, most notably IL-4 and IL-13 but also MIP-1α. Thus the physiological role of basophils is thought to be the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine ...
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, which comprise a minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants), have invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.