MM-BMSCs induce naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes
... Background: The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in multiple myelomas (MM). MM-BMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells) can support tumor growth and immune surveillance escape. On the other hand, fibroblast activation protein α, expressed by cancer stroma cells including BMSCs, has bee ...
... Background: The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in multiple myelomas (MM). MM-BMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells) can support tumor growth and immune surveillance escape. On the other hand, fibroblast activation protein α, expressed by cancer stroma cells including BMSCs, has bee ...
Multiple Mechanisms of Immune Suppression by B
... IL-10–producing B cells are found in this population. Indeed, IL-10–producing B cells can be found among most major subsets of splenic B cells, albeit at smaller frequencies than that seen among CD5+CD1dhigh B cells (42). Given that no set of surface markers identifies all IL-10–producing B cells, i ...
... IL-10–producing B cells are found in this population. Indeed, IL-10–producing B cells can be found among most major subsets of splenic B cells, albeit at smaller frequencies than that seen among CD5+CD1dhigh B cells (42). Given that no set of surface markers identifies all IL-10–producing B cells, i ...
viruses
... Many viral infections pose a great danger to humans and livestock, often causing deaths and significant economic losses. For instance, influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in approximately three to five million yearly cases of severe illness and approximately 250,000 t ...
... Many viral infections pose a great danger to humans and livestock, often causing deaths and significant economic losses. For instance, influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in approximately three to five million yearly cases of severe illness and approximately 250,000 t ...
The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation
... signaling (for example, [27]). Such findings have also been discussed in the context of understanding clinical entities like the complex regional pain syndrome (for example, [28]). ...
... signaling (for example, [27]). Such findings have also been discussed in the context of understanding clinical entities like the complex regional pain syndrome (for example, [28]). ...
Ectopic lymphoid follicles - ORCA
... recruit haematopoietic cells and up-regulate the expression of the adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 to ensure lymphocyte retention during SLO development.13,14 LTo cells also secrete vascular growth ...
... recruit haematopoietic cells and up-regulate the expression of the adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 to ensure lymphocyte retention during SLO development.13,14 LTo cells also secrete vascular growth ...
IMMUNOBIOLOGY B cells in early and chronic HIV infection
... study on B-cell responses following ART, Morris and colleagues described a rapid loss of HIVspecific B cells (actively secreting plasmablasts) during therapy, followed by a more gradual decrease in antibody titers against HIV in chronically infected individuals; the loss was even more rapid in early ...
... study on B-cell responses following ART, Morris and colleagues described a rapid loss of HIVspecific B cells (actively secreting plasmablasts) during therapy, followed by a more gradual decrease in antibody titers against HIV in chronically infected individuals; the loss was even more rapid in early ...
Memory B cells, but not long-lived plasma cells, possess antigen
... a significant decrease in binding to the K307E/ T330I DIII mutant relative to the WT DIII protein (P > 0.1). As an independent measure of MBC frequency and specificity, we determined the relative number of virus-specific MBC by flow cytometry. Immune splenocytes were stained for MBC markers (CD19, C ...
... a significant decrease in binding to the K307E/ T330I DIII mutant relative to the WT DIII protein (P > 0.1). As an independent measure of MBC frequency and specificity, we determined the relative number of virus-specific MBC by flow cytometry. Immune splenocytes were stained for MBC markers (CD19, C ...
Andrea Cerutti Regulation of B cell Responses by the Innate Immune System
... the developmentally regulated molecules CD24 and CD38, but not the memory B cell molecule CD27 (27). These transitional B cells become fully mature naïve B cells expressing unmutated V(D)J genes, IgM, IgD and CD19, but not CD24, CD27 and CD38 after colonizing peripheral lymphoid organs. Here, stroma ...
... the developmentally regulated molecules CD24 and CD38, but not the memory B cell molecule CD27 (27). These transitional B cells become fully mature naïve B cells expressing unmutated V(D)J genes, IgM, IgD and CD19, but not CD24, CD27 and CD38 after colonizing peripheral lymphoid organs. Here, stroma ...
how t-cells use large deviations to recognize foreign
... encounters these APCs (which carry a random mixture of antigens). By modelling these encounters as random events, and taking the interaction kinetics between T-cell receptors and antigens into account, BRB have shown that the T-cell repertoire can distinguish reliably between APCs that carry foreign ...
... encounters these APCs (which carry a random mixture of antigens). By modelling these encounters as random events, and taking the interaction kinetics between T-cell receptors and antigens into account, BRB have shown that the T-cell repertoire can distinguish reliably between APCs that carry foreign ...
Understanding Lupus
... TLR7 and 9 are expressed only in endosomes to decrease the chance of coming in contact with endogenous RNA or DNA TLR7 and 9 are activated by DNA/anti-DNA IgG complexes resulting in IFN-a and autoantibody production. However, immune complexes are taken up by cells with FcgRIIa and taken to the ...
... TLR7 and 9 are expressed only in endosomes to decrease the chance of coming in contact with endogenous RNA or DNA TLR7 and 9 are activated by DNA/anti-DNA IgG complexes resulting in IFN-a and autoantibody production. However, immune complexes are taken up by cells with FcgRIIa and taken to the ...
In Vitro Generation of Interleukin 10–producing - Direct-MS
... CD4 T cells, stimulated with antigen and APCs, into Th2 cells, enhancing IL-5 and IL-10 and reducing IFN- production relative to populations cultured with no additions (neutral condition; Fig. 1 A). Dex, in contrast, inhibited both IL-5 and IFN- production and slightly enhanced the production of ...
... CD4 T cells, stimulated with antigen and APCs, into Th2 cells, enhancing IL-5 and IL-10 and reducing IFN- production relative to populations cultured with no additions (neutral condition; Fig. 1 A). Dex, in contrast, inhibited both IL-5 and IFN- production and slightly enhanced the production of ...
Introduction: Biology Today Chapter 1
... Innate immunity does not recognize specific microbes—its mechanisms respond to all microbes in the same manner and with similar actions. Microbe = a very tiny form of life. Microbes include bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites, They are best visualized under a light microscope. (www.emedicinehea ...
... Innate immunity does not recognize specific microbes—its mechanisms respond to all microbes in the same manner and with similar actions. Microbe = a very tiny form of life. Microbes include bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites, They are best visualized under a light microscope. (www.emedicinehea ...
A Review of the Clonal Selection Theory of
... selection theories of higher brain functions. They provide a general selectionist framework and demonstrate how each of the three cases fit in terms of the preconditions, interactions, effects, and long range effects. Cziko [19] also provides a selectionist account of the clonal selection theory, de ...
... selection theories of higher brain functions. They provide a general selectionist framework and demonstrate how each of the three cases fit in terms of the preconditions, interactions, effects, and long range effects. Cziko [19] also provides a selectionist account of the clonal selection theory, de ...
Alternative Activation Is an Innate Response to Injury That Requires CD4
... intracellular pathogens (21). We wished to investigate the requirements for macrophage activation in the context of infection with nematode parasites, which typically induce potent type 2 responses. Our previous studies have shown that infection of mice with the filarial nematode, Brugia malayi, lea ...
... intracellular pathogens (21). We wished to investigate the requirements for macrophage activation in the context of infection with nematode parasites, which typically induce potent type 2 responses. Our previous studies have shown that infection of mice with the filarial nematode, Brugia malayi, lea ...
Pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in coronary artery disease with
... permeability of the blood vessels and induce leukocyte adhesion and migration of first neutrophils and later monocytes to the site of infection. In the tissue, monocytes will differentiate into macrophages, and both neutrophils and macrophages will continue to do their duty, i.e. eliminating the pat ...
... permeability of the blood vessels and induce leukocyte adhesion and migration of first neutrophils and later monocytes to the site of infection. In the tissue, monocytes will differentiate into macrophages, and both neutrophils and macrophages will continue to do their duty, i.e. eliminating the pat ...
Uchanska-Ziegler, B., Loll, B., Fabian, H., Hee, CS, Saenger, W
... The possible consequences of carrying only MHC class I genes exhibiting a very low degree of polymorphism can be seen in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). The population of this carnivorous marsupial has declined by more than 50% due to the spread of a highly contagious clonal malignancy, ...
... The possible consequences of carrying only MHC class I genes exhibiting a very low degree of polymorphism can be seen in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). The population of this carnivorous marsupial has declined by more than 50% due to the spread of a highly contagious clonal malignancy, ...
unit-1-5 consise NOTES immunology - E
... known as humoral mediated immunity. When activated by foreign antigen, B cells undergo proliferation and mature into antibody secreting plasma cells. The latter are rich in organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which confer their ability to secrete soluble proteins (antibo ...
... known as humoral mediated immunity. When activated by foreign antigen, B cells undergo proliferation and mature into antibody secreting plasma cells. The latter are rich in organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which confer their ability to secrete soluble proteins (antibo ...
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... TCR␥␦ T cells (see Table 4).18,19 NK cells represent a third class of lymphocytes distinct from B and T cells and do not express a clonally distributed antigen receptor that is subject to somatic diversification. Mouse liver lymphocytes contain about 10% NK cells, whereas rat and human liver lymphocy ...
... TCR␥␦ T cells (see Table 4).18,19 NK cells represent a third class of lymphocytes distinct from B and T cells and do not express a clonally distributed antigen receptor that is subject to somatic diversification. Mouse liver lymphocytes contain about 10% NK cells, whereas rat and human liver lymphocy ...
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, which comprise a minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants), have invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.