Increased transcription rates correlate with increased reversion rates
... which were shaken at a 45u angle at 37 uC until the supply of the limiting amino acid was exhausted and growth ceased. Each entire culture was plated onto selective medium and incubated at 37 uC. Several identical cultures were diluted and plated onto nutrient agar plates to determine viable cell nu ...
... which were shaken at a 45u angle at 37 uC until the supply of the limiting amino acid was exhausted and growth ceased. Each entire culture was plated onto selective medium and incubated at 37 uC. Several identical cultures were diluted and plated onto nutrient agar plates to determine viable cell nu ...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Lesion in DNA
... DNA, namely the thymine dimer. By disrupting the function of DNA, this lesion can trigger complex biological responses, including apoptosis, immune suppression, and carcinogenesis [1]. Here, we will first provide some insight into DNA damage and give a short overview of the field of pyrimidine dimer ...
... DNA, namely the thymine dimer. By disrupting the function of DNA, this lesion can trigger complex biological responses, including apoptosis, immune suppression, and carcinogenesis [1]. Here, we will first provide some insight into DNA damage and give a short overview of the field of pyrimidine dimer ...
cell biology - Bio
... 4–8) turn to the central dogma of molecular biology and describe how DNA is used to make RNA which in turn is used to make protein. The next section (Chapters 9–11) describes how proteins are delivered to the appropriate location inside or outside the cell, and how proteins perform their many functi ...
... 4–8) turn to the central dogma of molecular biology and describe how DNA is used to make RNA which in turn is used to make protein. The next section (Chapters 9–11) describes how proteins are delivered to the appropriate location inside or outside the cell, and how proteins perform their many functi ...
PAX6 mRNA Transcript Analysis in Various Ocular/Non
... β-actin and GAPDH) exhibit considerably variable expression levels from one tissue type to another. However, expression profiles for the maintenance/housekeeping genes exhibit similar patterns for each specific tissue type (Figure 1A). As a primary attempt three samples of ocular tissues such as len ...
... β-actin and GAPDH) exhibit considerably variable expression levels from one tissue type to another. However, expression profiles for the maintenance/housekeeping genes exhibit similar patterns for each specific tissue type (Figure 1A). As a primary attempt three samples of ocular tissues such as len ...
Metabolic significance of inorganic triphosphate, thiamine
... this superfamily have been characterized and they all have in common that they act on triphosphorylated substrates. Some bacterial members (the N. europeae specifically) hydrolyze inorganic triphosphate (PPPi) which raises the question of the physiological significance of this compound. We first stu ...
... this superfamily have been characterized and they all have in common that they act on triphosphorylated substrates. Some bacterial members (the N. europeae specifically) hydrolyze inorganic triphosphate (PPPi) which raises the question of the physiological significance of this compound. We first stu ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
... 3. Prepare transfection complexes by mixing 40 µl of serum free medium, 5.5 µl of transfection reagent, and • 750 ng DNA (or mRNA), or • 30 nM - 50 nM of siRNA (or microRNA) *Referred to a final volume including growth medium 4. Incubate transfection complexes at RT for 15 - 30 minutes 5. Optional: ...
... 3. Prepare transfection complexes by mixing 40 µl of serum free medium, 5.5 µl of transfection reagent, and • 750 ng DNA (or mRNA), or • 30 nM - 50 nM of siRNA (or microRNA) *Referred to a final volume including growth medium 4. Incubate transfection complexes at RT for 15 - 30 minutes 5. Optional: ...
hag expression in Bacillus subtilis is both negatively
... (Caldwell et al., 2001), which are mainly transcribed by the sD-dependent RNA polymerase (Ordal et al., 1993). This conclusion has been derived from the transcription profiling of scoC mutant cells (scoC4), which showed that most of the motility genes, including hag, are transcribed at lower levels ...
... (Caldwell et al., 2001), which are mainly transcribed by the sD-dependent RNA polymerase (Ordal et al., 1993). This conclusion has been derived from the transcription profiling of scoC mutant cells (scoC4), which showed that most of the motility genes, including hag, are transcribed at lower levels ...
RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis
... In many organisms tryptophan serves as the precursor of other biologically essential compounds, i.e., niacin in most eukaryotes, indoleacetic acid in most plants, and indole in many bacte- FIGURE 2. Organization of the trp operon of E. coli. The genes of E. coli required for ria. Thus the regulatory ...
... In many organisms tryptophan serves as the precursor of other biologically essential compounds, i.e., niacin in most eukaryotes, indoleacetic acid in most plants, and indole in many bacte- FIGURE 2. Organization of the trp operon of E. coli. The genes of E. coli required for ria. Thus the regulatory ...
Control of Cleavage Cycles in Drosophila Embryos by fru¨ hstart
... cycle in the cycle 14, we expressed frs prematurely by injecting synthetic frs mRNA into the posterior end of the embryos during cycles 10 to 12. We found that posteriorly injected frs mRNA inhibited mitosis in most of the embryos (35 of 43 embryos scored; Figures 3C and 3D). In fixed embryos, patch ...
... cycle in the cycle 14, we expressed frs prematurely by injecting synthetic frs mRNA into the posterior end of the embryos during cycles 10 to 12. We found that posteriorly injected frs mRNA inhibited mitosis in most of the embryos (35 of 43 embryos scored; Figures 3C and 3D). In fixed embryos, patch ...
The genetic consequences of selection in natural populations
... So far this model has ignored dominance, which has important implications for the calculation of s. In population genetic models of directional selection, dominance is most often accounted for with the dominance coefficient, h. In the single locus, two-allele model described above, the fitness of ea ...
... So far this model has ignored dominance, which has important implications for the calculation of s. In population genetic models of directional selection, dominance is most often accounted for with the dominance coefficient, h. In the single locus, two-allele model described above, the fitness of ea ...
medical chemistry and biochemistry
... Describe the physical and chemical properties of carbonyl compounds, name the most important representatives of aldehydes and ketones. Describe keto-enol tautomerism, and nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group. Describe the oxidation and reduction reactions of carbonyl compounds, and their role ...
... Describe the physical and chemical properties of carbonyl compounds, name the most important representatives of aldehydes and ketones. Describe keto-enol tautomerism, and nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group. Describe the oxidation and reduction reactions of carbonyl compounds, and their role ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) responsible for destroying mitotic cyclins at the metaphase-toanaphase transition is also required for sister chromatid separation provided an impetus to the search for cohesion proteins using genetic studies, initially in yeast. Over a dozen proteins ...
... Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) responsible for destroying mitotic cyclins at the metaphase-toanaphase transition is also required for sister chromatid separation provided an impetus to the search for cohesion proteins using genetic studies, initially in yeast. Over a dozen proteins ...
Catalytic decomposition of N2O over Rh/Zn–Al2O3 catalysts
... lead to more active catalysts due to the improved dispersion of Rh species.28 Parres-Esclapez et al. found that Sr can promote the activity of Rh/Al2O3 due to the improved dispersion and reducibility of Rh species.29 Zhao et al. reported that Rh/SiO2–Al2O3 shows high activity, because oxygen desorpt ...
... lead to more active catalysts due to the improved dispersion of Rh species.28 Parres-Esclapez et al. found that Sr can promote the activity of Rh/Al2O3 due to the improved dispersion and reducibility of Rh species.29 Zhao et al. reported that Rh/SiO2–Al2O3 shows high activity, because oxygen desorpt ...
Wheat, Fusarium toxins and disease: the good, the bad and the ugly
... crop in Canada, with Manitoba exporting wheat to approximately 66 different countries. It is processed into flour, cereal food, animal feed and industrial products such as ethanol. ¾THE BAD: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is the most serious disease in wheat around the world. Fusarium graminearum is the ...
... crop in Canada, with Manitoba exporting wheat to approximately 66 different countries. It is processed into flour, cereal food, animal feed and industrial products such as ethanol. ¾THE BAD: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is the most serious disease in wheat around the world. Fusarium graminearum is the ...
Kinetic analysis of retroviral proteases by HELGA EIZERT
... PR activity is regulated. Recombinant prototype foamy virus (PFV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) PR-RT domains are predominantly monomeric in solution, but appear to have some proteolytic activity that is enhanced by high salt conditions (Hartl et al., 2008, 2010a and 2010b). One publication suggests ...
... PR activity is regulated. Recombinant prototype foamy virus (PFV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) PR-RT domains are predominantly monomeric in solution, but appear to have some proteolytic activity that is enhanced by high salt conditions (Hartl et al., 2008, 2010a and 2010b). One publication suggests ...
Structure and Function of Mammalian Ribosomes
... intact. This then allows us to correlate function more quantitatively with structure. We wanted to minimize the harshness of the conditions required for subunit dissociation. Therefore, we prepared subunits from free 80 s ribosomes rather than from polysomes. To accomplish this we prepared pure poly ...
... intact. This then allows us to correlate function more quantitatively with structure. We wanted to minimize the harshness of the conditions required for subunit dissociation. Therefore, we prepared subunits from free 80 s ribosomes rather than from polysomes. To accomplish this we prepared pure poly ...
Brain Storming at CSIR
... 1. The fish was found to survive for more than 60 days up to 10 ppm of arsenic treatment. 2. A decrease in total carbohydrate and lipid content in arsenic treated fishes. 3. Increase in total free amino acid was observed due to breakdown of protein. 4. A decreased activity of Transaminases- ( Alanin ...
... 1. The fish was found to survive for more than 60 days up to 10 ppm of arsenic treatment. 2. A decrease in total carbohydrate and lipid content in arsenic treated fishes. 3. Increase in total free amino acid was observed due to breakdown of protein. 4. A decreased activity of Transaminases- ( Alanin ...
Direct and indirect consequences of meiotic recombination
... recombination are twofold: crossovers (COs) are necessary for accurate chromosomal disjunction in most eukaryotes [1] and the shuffling of alleles by recombination has a beneficial role for evolution [2,3]. However, recombination also has costs. For example, DSBs may aberrantly pair with non-homolog ...
... recombination are twofold: crossovers (COs) are necessary for accurate chromosomal disjunction in most eukaryotes [1] and the shuffling of alleles by recombination has a beneficial role for evolution [2,3]. However, recombination also has costs. For example, DSBs may aberrantly pair with non-homolog ...
In vitro fertilization (IVF) in mammals: epigenetic and developmental
... Fertilization of eutherian animals occurs in the maternal oviduct. This is the natural and unique environment to achieve the necessary requirements for embryo life and its early and late development. The embryo conceived in vitro is manipulated and cultured in very different conditions [11, 16]. Con ...
... Fertilization of eutherian animals occurs in the maternal oviduct. This is the natural and unique environment to achieve the necessary requirements for embryo life and its early and late development. The embryo conceived in vitro is manipulated and cultured in very different conditions [11, 16]. Con ...
Rates of Spontaneous Mutation
... tions are likely to be extinguished when their mutation rates are increased to a few-fold over 1. To be similarly jeopardized, the microbes in Table 4 would have to experience mutation-rate increases on the order of 103fold. However, they are to some extent buffered against immediate extinction in t ...
... tions are likely to be extinguished when their mutation rates are increased to a few-fold over 1. To be similarly jeopardized, the microbes in Table 4 would have to experience mutation-rate increases on the order of 103fold. However, they are to some extent buffered against immediate extinction in t ...
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR
... Several types of explants (flower stalk, flower stem, ovary, isolated microspores) have been investigated for their potential to regenerate plants in vitro by either organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. The results reported several authors (Alderson and Taeb, 1990; van den Bulk et al., 1994; Fame ...
... Several types of explants (flower stalk, flower stem, ovary, isolated microspores) have been investigated for their potential to regenerate plants in vitro by either organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. The results reported several authors (Alderson and Taeb, 1990; van den Bulk et al., 1994; Fame ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... to eight substrate concentrations. kcat was derived by varying both ATP and NDP concentrations while keeping the [ATP]/ [NTP] ratio fixed to 4.0 for TDP and 0.1-0.2 for the poorer substrates (27, 28). Substrate inhibition introduces a small systematic error under these conditions (28), and no correc ...
... to eight substrate concentrations. kcat was derived by varying both ATP and NDP concentrations while keeping the [ATP]/ [NTP] ratio fixed to 4.0 for TDP and 0.1-0.2 for the poorer substrates (27, 28). Substrate inhibition introduces a small systematic error under these conditions (28), and no correc ...
Deoxyribozyme
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.