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Is there any permanent solution to have
WATER
free of Arsenic ?
Dr BG Unni, Chief Scientist & Area Coordinator
(Biological Sciences)
CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology
Jorhat – 785 006, Assam, INDIA
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Brief Introduction:
 Arsenic is a deadly toxic metalloid. The
element is itself is not soluble in water. It
remains in combination with other
elements.
Arsenic
disrupts
ATP
production.
Inhibits
pyruvate
dehydrogenase and by competing with
phosphate it uncouples oxidative
phosphorylation. Highly toxic as well as
carcinogenic.
 Some plants have been reported to
tolerate high level of arsenic from water
and soil. Bioaccumulation of Arsenic
 In India and Bangladesh (around the Bay
of Bengal) ~400 million people are at risk
of arsenic poisoning, and up to 40 million
people drink well water containing toxic
levels of arsenic.
EFFECTS OF ARSENIC POISONING
(source: (source: www.sos www.sos
--arsenic.net arsenic.net, 2006)
Health Survey at the polluted site
Health Survey being conducted at the sites. Local people were interviewed
and data were recorded in Health questionnaires
Health Camps with Doctors conducted at the study site
Oil Drilling site
Coal mine site
Paper and Pulp mill site .
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED
FROM Oil Drilling sites
Distance
(km)
pH
Turbidity
(NTU)
Total
Total
Total
Hardness
Alkalinity
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
Dissolved
Sulphate
(mg/l)
Chloride
(mg/l)
Fluoride
(mg/l)
Nitrate
(mg/l)
Solids
(mg/l)
0-10
7.25
5.62
131
177
341
9.7
16
0.3
13
10-20
7.09
6.6
66
101
216
0.4
3.3
0.6
15
20-30
7.80
9
114
106
377
0.15
15
0.5
10
30-50
6.9
1.9
30
34
175
4
14
0
10
CONTR
OL
7.05
1.9
30
34
175
4.0
14
0
10
WHO
8
5
100
100
500
200
200
1.5
50
Plant Model as biomarker for Arsenic
Control plant
3 ppm (15th day)
0.05 ppm(15th day)
5 ppm (15th day)
1 ppm (15th day)
7 ppm (15th day)
Ipomoea plants treated with different concentrations of arsenic (after 15 days of treatment)
Control
3 ppm
7 ppm
15 ppm
10 ppm
Morphological response of Plant, Ipomoea aquatica with different concentration
of sodium arsenite ( after 1 month of treatment)
Bioaccumulation As/Hg: General Strategy (Meagher & Heaton, 2005)
Effect of Arsenic Exposure on Survivality of Plants
EFFECT OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON SURVIVAL OF PLANTS
Conc. of Arsenic (ppm)
Nil/Control
1 ppm
3 ppm
Symptoms
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
5 ppm
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
7 ppm
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
10 ppm
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
15 ppm
No changes observed after 2 months of
exposure
25 ppm
Wilting & yellowing of leaves from 6th day
& ultimately died
30 ppm
Wilting & yellowing of leaves from 3rd day
& ultimately died
50 ppm
Wilting & yellowing of leaves from 7th day
& ultimately died
100 ppm
Wilting & yellowing of leaves from 7th day
& ultimately died
25 ppm (day 3)
25 ppm ( day 6)
30 ppm ( day 3)
The physiological response of Ipomoea aquatica with different
Concentration of Arsenic.
50 ppm (after 17 hrs)
50 ppm (day 3)
50 ppm (day 5)
100 ppm (after 17 hrs)
100 ppm (day 2)
100 ppm (day 3)
What it does in the plant system
• Arsenic in soil is found primarily in the oxidized form,
arsenate (AsO43-).
•
A portion of the arsenate taken up into plant roots may
be held in cell walls (possibly as FeAsO4). The remainder
crosses root membranes probably via transporters facilitating
the uptake of phosphate, which is chemically similar to
arsenate.
•
Inside the root cells, some arsenate is reduced to
arsenite (AsO33-). A small fraction of the arsenate and arsenite
move from root to leaf via the xylem. Arsenate is then reduced
by the enzyme ArsC to arsenite, which combines with thiol
compounds to form arsenic–thiolates. In this form, arsenic is
probably shuttled irreversibly into the vacuoles, where it can
no longer damage the plant.
Isolation of DNA from arsenic treated
plants
C
15
1
100
DNA was isolated from
control, treated plants
(100 ppm , 1 ppm and
15 ppm).
Effect of Arsenic at ppm conc. On DNA of the Plant
ANIMAL MODEL EXPERIMENTS
Fish, Channa punctatus was used
for the animal model experiment.
Fishes were treated with the
concentration of 8 ppm to 10ppm
Sodium arsenate .
The fishes were survived up to the
concentration of 10,000 μg/l for
more than 2 months. Further
studies are under progress to see
the effect of Arsenic at the genetic
/Molecular level.
Channa punctatus
Fish Collected from the ponds after treatment with Arsenic at
different concentration in ppm.
Control fish
5 ppm arsenic treated fish
50 ppm arsenic treated fish
Fish from 1ppm arsenic treated
10 ppm arsenic treated fish
100 ppm arsenic treated fish
Fishes from ponds exposed with Arsenic up to 10 ppm survived more than one
month and above concentration ,Fishes died within 24 hours
Studies at Molecular Level:
Unexposed and arsenic-exposed
(0.04ppm) liver cells isolated with
Chloroform: Isoamyl Alcohol
extraction procedure.
Electrophoretic separation carried
out on 1.8% agarose gel along
with lambda DNA/Eco R1markers
and DNA visualized after staining
with 0.5% ethidium bromide(Sigma).
(Ref Soma Datta et al.,2007)
unexposed
1-day exposed
14-day exposed
30-day exposed
DNA ladder in C.batrachus
Changes in Biochemical parameters (g/100g) of fish, Channa punctatus exposed
arsenic at different concentration
DNA isolated from fish liver exposed to different concentration( ppm) of Arsenic.
C
1
10
25
50
100
100 ppm arsenic treated fish liver showed the presence of characteristic DNA ladder
. Arsenic may be involved in the apoptotic cell death resulting in DNA fragmentation.
PHYTOREMEDIAL EFFICIENCY OF Ipomoea aquatica AGAINST ARSENIC
1.Plants were found to survive more than 2 months in arsenic treatment up to 15 ppm
concentration.
2. A decrease in chlorophyll content was observed with increase in concentration of Arsenic.
3. Ipomoea can be used as a biomarker to detect the Arsenic content in water upto certain
level and also as a tool for Phyto-remediation .
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ARSENIC ON Channa punctatus
1. The fish was found to survive for more than 60 days up to 10 ppm of arsenic treatment.
2. A decrease in total carbohydrate and lipid content in arsenic treated fishes.
3. Increase in total free amino acid was observed due to breakdown of protein.
4. A decreased activity of Transaminases- ( Alanine and Aspartate amino transferase along
with increase concentrtion of arsenic exposure
5. DNA fragamentation along with change in protein profile was also observed in the fishes
exposed to lethal dose of arsenic.
CONCLUSION
Significant Findings from the Study sites
Numerous studies confirm that toxic metals have damaging effects on all
the cells of the body and directly impair neurological, immune, endocrine,
digestive, respiratory and detoxification functions of the body.
Heavy metals poison us by disrupting our cellular enzymes, which run on
nutritional minerals .Toxic metals kick out the nutrients and bind their
5receptor sites, causing diffuse symptoms.
We are getting many physical complains from our study sites (polluted
areas) which may be the most probable symptoms of Metal toxicity
caused by the various types of Pollution.
Our future plan of studies must be directed to find out a permanent
solution to remove Arsenic based on bio-devises on long term basis and
not on short term.
MY Strength
(Few of my past and present research students)
The research work is a part of the ongoing
Ph.D/network projects funded by CSIR
(NWP-0017, BSC-0116).
Any experimental part or figures from
ppt cannot be extracted or published in
any form.
The written permission from the
Author/Director CSIR-NEIST Jorhat
785006 Assam is essential for sharing
or utilizing the information
Thank You