2008 HSC Notes from the Marking Centre Biology
... questions, the best responses presented ideas coherently and included the correct use of scientific principles and ideas. Many candidates wrote a lot of information that was not relevant to the question. Some responses showed evidence of rote learning of an anticipated answer based on a single sourc ...
... questions, the best responses presented ideas coherently and included the correct use of scientific principles and ideas. Many candidates wrote a lot of information that was not relevant to the question. Some responses showed evidence of rote learning of an anticipated answer based on a single sourc ...
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the xylL Gene Responsible for
... The pCS1 and pCSP21 carrying the xylL gene were previously cloned from the chromosomal DNA of Pseudomonas sp. S-47 (9). In this study, a 3.0 kb fragment of pCSP21 digested with ClaI was introduced into the polyclonal region of pBluescript II SK(+) vector to make pRES3. The subclones of pRES301, pRES ...
... The pCS1 and pCSP21 carrying the xylL gene were previously cloned from the chromosomal DNA of Pseudomonas sp. S-47 (9). In this study, a 3.0 kb fragment of pCSP21 digested with ClaI was introduced into the polyclonal region of pBluescript II SK(+) vector to make pRES3. The subclones of pRES301, pRES ...
Marine Biotecnology
... triacylglycerols and naphthol derivates at comparable rates. A specific activity of 1787 Umg−1 and 475 Umg−1 was measured with triolein and tributyrin as substrates, respectively, at pH8.0 and 30°C in the absence of colipase. The lipase showed a Km, app of 3.22 mM and kcat, app/Km, app of 0.303×103 ...
... triacylglycerols and naphthol derivates at comparable rates. A specific activity of 1787 Umg−1 and 475 Umg−1 was measured with triolein and tributyrin as substrates, respectively, at pH8.0 and 30°C in the absence of colipase. The lipase showed a Km, app of 3.22 mM and kcat, app/Km, app of 0.303×103 ...
tRNA
... conjugate in a process referred to as “aminoacylation” - How should the tRNA attached to the following amino acids be nomenclatured (or named)? Arg, Glu, and Trp - On the other hand, tRNA cognates for corresponding amino acids are usually post-superscripted with the three-letter amino acid code—eg t ...
... conjugate in a process referred to as “aminoacylation” - How should the tRNA attached to the following amino acids be nomenclatured (or named)? Arg, Glu, and Trp - On the other hand, tRNA cognates for corresponding amino acids are usually post-superscripted with the three-letter amino acid code—eg t ...
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in
... triacylglycerols and naphthol derivates at comparable rates. A specific activity of 1787 Umg−1 and 475 Umg−1 was measured with triolein and tributyrin as substrates, respectively, at pH8.0 and 30°C in the absence of colipase. The lipase showed a Km, app of 3.22 mM and kcat, app/Km, app of 0.303×103 ...
... triacylglycerols and naphthol derivates at comparable rates. A specific activity of 1787 Umg−1 and 475 Umg−1 was measured with triolein and tributyrin as substrates, respectively, at pH8.0 and 30°C in the absence of colipase. The lipase showed a Km, app of 3.22 mM and kcat, app/Km, app of 0.303×103 ...
Metabolism of Mollicutes: the Embden-Meyerhof
... using the Bio-Rad protein dye reagent concentrate with BSA as the standard. All other enzymes, cofactors and reagents were obtained from Sigma. Details ofindividual assays. (i) Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1 . l ) was assayed by the method of Chou & Wilson (1975). (ii) Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase ...
... using the Bio-Rad protein dye reagent concentrate with BSA as the standard. All other enzymes, cofactors and reagents were obtained from Sigma. Details ofindividual assays. (i) Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1 . l ) was assayed by the method of Chou & Wilson (1975). (ii) Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase ...
Reaction Kinetics Basics
... chemical kinetics also discuss termolecular reactions (Raj 2010), but three molecular entities colliding at the same time is highly improbable (Drake 2005). What are often referred to as termolecular reactions actually involve the formation of an energetically excited reaction intermediate in a bimo ...
... chemical kinetics also discuss termolecular reactions (Raj 2010), but three molecular entities colliding at the same time is highly improbable (Drake 2005). What are often referred to as termolecular reactions actually involve the formation of an energetically excited reaction intermediate in a bimo ...
Mutualism and asexual reproduction influence recognition genes in a fungal... M.A. van der Nest1, E.T. Steenkamp2, P.M.... Wingfield1 and B. Slippers1*
... positive selection was detected at only two codons suggesting that purifying selection rather than positive selection represents an important driving force in the evolution of rab1. Therefore, the long-term symbiotic relationship with their insect partners has not only affected the diversity at this ...
... positive selection was detected at only two codons suggesting that purifying selection rather than positive selection represents an important driving force in the evolution of rab1. Therefore, the long-term symbiotic relationship with their insect partners has not only affected the diversity at this ...
Johansson L, Gafvelin G, Arnér ES. Selenocysteine in proteins
... regarded as an evolutionary pressure for the development of selenoproteins. The other point of view is that Sec would be an ancient amino acid, to a major extent lost during evolution due to its high reactivity. Whatever the true reason is for selenoprotein existence, it is clear that the insertion ...
... regarded as an evolutionary pressure for the development of selenoproteins. The other point of view is that Sec would be an ancient amino acid, to a major extent lost during evolution due to its high reactivity. Whatever the true reason is for selenoprotein existence, it is clear that the insertion ...
Intraplastidic Localization of the Enzymesthat Convert Cucumber
... differential centrifugation, Smith and Rebeiz (27) proposed that the enzymes that catalyzed the conversion of ALA to Proto were localized in the stroma while enzymes that converted Proto to Pchlides were membrane-bound. This hypothesis was partially corroborated by Castelfranco et al. (4) who report ...
... differential centrifugation, Smith and Rebeiz (27) proposed that the enzymes that catalyzed the conversion of ALA to Proto were localized in the stroma while enzymes that converted Proto to Pchlides were membrane-bound. This hypothesis was partially corroborated by Castelfranco et al. (4) who report ...
Creation/Evolution
... organisms that never shared the universal genetic code All changes in stop codons must include three changes: – Replacement of stop codons that do not code for stop anymore with those that still do – Production of new tRNAs with anticodons that recognize the codon as not stop anymore – Modification ...
... organisms that never shared the universal genetic code All changes in stop codons must include three changes: – Replacement of stop codons that do not code for stop anymore with those that still do – Production of new tRNAs with anticodons that recognize the codon as not stop anymore – Modification ...
Classification of pseudo pairs between nucleotide bases and amino
... necessary to enhance our knowledge of the complex recognition mechanisms underlying all those biological processes. A number of statistical and structural analyses of DNA–protein (12–20) and RNA–protein complexes (20–24) have been performed to determine such recognition principles. Essentially, basi ...
... necessary to enhance our knowledge of the complex recognition mechanisms underlying all those biological processes. A number of statistical and structural analyses of DNA–protein (12–20) and RNA–protein complexes (20–24) have been performed to determine such recognition principles. Essentially, basi ...
- BioMedSearch
... effective anti-influenza agent (see [16]). E. coli, overexpressing PEPS, are widely used in the biosynthesis of shikimic acid as is over-expression of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase whose use can be limited by feedback inhibition. Overexpression of feedback insensiti ...
... effective anti-influenza agent (see [16]). E. coli, overexpressing PEPS, are widely used in the biosynthesis of shikimic acid as is over-expression of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase whose use can be limited by feedback inhibition. Overexpression of feedback insensiti ...
[PDF]
... However, the simplest explanation, supported by modeling, is that the full mutation is transmitted in the oocyte and reductional instability accounts for the mosaicism. This awaits direct experimental confirmation and it remains possible that events in the zygote promote expansion. The molecular mec ...
... However, the simplest explanation, supported by modeling, is that the full mutation is transmitted in the oocyte and reductional instability accounts for the mosaicism. This awaits direct experimental confirmation and it remains possible that events in the zygote promote expansion. The molecular mec ...
"Electromagnetic Interactions Between Fluorescent Dipoles and Metal Nanoparticles"
... me a different perspective to bounce ideas off of. Thanks to Prof. Strouse for his mentorship and showing me how much I can accomplish if I put my mind to it. Finally I need to thank my first high school chemistry teacher, Mr. Brian Otterson, without you I would have continued to be a resentful stud ...
... me a different perspective to bounce ideas off of. Thanks to Prof. Strouse for his mentorship and showing me how much I can accomplish if I put my mind to it. Finally I need to thank my first high school chemistry teacher, Mr. Brian Otterson, without you I would have continued to be a resentful stud ...
Studies on the extra-mitochondrial CoA
... overall reaction catalysed by the acyl-CoA synthetases includes firstly an adenylyl transfer step from ATP to the fatty acid, forming an acyl-adenylate and pyrophosphate (PPi). The activated intermediate (acyl-AMP) is then attacked by CoASH, yielding the acyl-CoA product and AMP [4,5]. ACS are gener ...
... overall reaction catalysed by the acyl-CoA synthetases includes firstly an adenylyl transfer step from ATP to the fatty acid, forming an acyl-adenylate and pyrophosphate (PPi). The activated intermediate (acyl-AMP) is then attacked by CoASH, yielding the acyl-CoA product and AMP [4,5]. ACS are gener ...
Enzymes
... 1. Much of the catalytic power of enzymes is derived from the free energy released in forming numerous weak non-covalent interactions between an enzyme and its substrate. The binding energy also contributes to specificity. 2. Weak interactions are optimized. The maximum number have formed between th ...
... 1. Much of the catalytic power of enzymes is derived from the free energy released in forming numerous weak non-covalent interactions between an enzyme and its substrate. The binding energy also contributes to specificity. 2. Weak interactions are optimized. The maximum number have formed between th ...
using polymerase chain reaction for detection of enterotoxigenic
... cholera toxin, this result indicated that sequence of gene was at location 1-22 of target gene with length 564 bp of ctxA gene. Sequence of primers and length of target gene were consistent with the previous studies of Olsvik et al., (1993) and the name of this primer is ctxA’. Study specificity of ...
... cholera toxin, this result indicated that sequence of gene was at location 1-22 of target gene with length 564 bp of ctxA gene. Sequence of primers and length of target gene were consistent with the previous studies of Olsvik et al., (1993) and the name of this primer is ctxA’. Study specificity of ...
Rapid Diversification of RNase A Superfamily Ribonucleases from
... these sequences were also identified by PCR amplification but not reported in the studies performed by Liao et al. (2000). The amino terminal “Q” of these novel sequences has been inferred based on similarity to the amino acid sequence of rc-RNase (rc-RN), whose terminus was determined directly via ...
... these sequences were also identified by PCR amplification but not reported in the studies performed by Liao et al. (2000). The amino terminal “Q” of these novel sequences has been inferred based on similarity to the amino acid sequence of rc-RNase (rc-RN), whose terminus was determined directly via ...
PDF of original
... third positions of triplets comprising degenerate codon sets. In all cases triplet pairs with 3'-terminal pyrimidines (XYU and XYC, where X and Y represent the first and second bases, respectively, in the triplet) correspond to the same amino acid; often XYA and XYG correspond to the same amino acid ...
... third positions of triplets comprising degenerate codon sets. In all cases triplet pairs with 3'-terminal pyrimidines (XYU and XYC, where X and Y represent the first and second bases, respectively, in the triplet) correspond to the same amino acid; often XYA and XYG correspond to the same amino acid ...
The DNA Binding Properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51
... respectively. Only dATP and adenosine 5*-g-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPgS) can substitute for ATP, but binding in the presence of ATPgS requires more than a 5-fold stoichiometric excess of protein. Without nucleotide cofactor, Rad51 protein binds both ssDNA and dsDNA but only at pH values lower than 6.8; ...
... respectively. Only dATP and adenosine 5*-g-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPgS) can substitute for ATP, but binding in the presence of ATPgS requires more than a 5-fold stoichiometric excess of protein. Without nucleotide cofactor, Rad51 protein binds both ssDNA and dsDNA but only at pH values lower than 6.8; ...
Design-O-Saur - Beyond Benign
... Decode provided information to build a genetically unique dinosaur. Understand that this is a model that could be used to look at human genetics Understand gene sequences and the results of these sequences Materials: Clay – model magic works very well Student sheets Time needed: 1 x 45-60 ...
... Decode provided information to build a genetically unique dinosaur. Understand that this is a model that could be used to look at human genetics Understand gene sequences and the results of these sequences Materials: Clay – model magic works very well Student sheets Time needed: 1 x 45-60 ...
Deoxyribozyme
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.