Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP Shunt)
... HMP shunt (PPP) is less active in skeletal muscle & non-lactating mammary glands Site:- ...
... HMP shunt (PPP) is less active in skeletal muscle & non-lactating mammary glands Site:- ...
New Host Plants of Erwinia amylovora in Bulgaria
... were used: one was based on plasmid pEA29 DNA [A (5⬘-CGGTTTTTAACGCTGGG-3⬘) and B (5⬘GGGCAAATACTCGGATT-3⬘) (Bereswill et al., 1992)] and the other was based on genome ams-region [AJ245 (5⬘-AGCTGGCGGGCACTTCACT3⬘) and AJ246 (5⬘-CCCCGCACCGTTCAGTTTT3⬘) (Jones and Geider, 2001)]. The PCR reaction mixture ...
... were used: one was based on plasmid pEA29 DNA [A (5⬘-CGGTTTTTAACGCTGGG-3⬘) and B (5⬘GGGCAAATACTCGGATT-3⬘) (Bereswill et al., 1992)] and the other was based on genome ams-region [AJ245 (5⬘-AGCTGGCGGGCACTTCACT3⬘) and AJ246 (5⬘-CCCCGCACCGTTCAGTTTT3⬘) (Jones and Geider, 2001)]. The PCR reaction mixture ...
Human RIF1 and protein phosphatase 1 stimulate DNA replication
... Overall, the authors fill two gaps in the literature with this paper: 1. They confirm in humans much of which has been observed in yeast, which lends to RIF1's conserved and important role in genome regulation. 2. They observe a new role for RIF1 in origin stabilization, which adds another chapter t ...
... Overall, the authors fill two gaps in the literature with this paper: 1. They confirm in humans much of which has been observed in yeast, which lends to RIF1's conserved and important role in genome regulation. 2. They observe a new role for RIF1 in origin stabilization, which adds another chapter t ...
Molecular evolutionary analysis of the American pika
... neutral alleles existing in a population at low frequency and which have turned out to be advantageous because of an environmental change (Dykhuizen and Hartl 1980). Either way, adaptive substitutions occur from time to time due to changes in both internal and external environment, but the ways in w ...
... neutral alleles existing in a population at low frequency and which have turned out to be advantageous because of an environmental change (Dykhuizen and Hartl 1980). Either way, adaptive substitutions occur from time to time due to changes in both internal and external environment, but the ways in w ...
INTERACTION OF SELECTION, MUTATION, AND DRIFT
... drift is negligible relative to the power of selection, and also ignoring the origin of new variation by mutation. Such an approach often works well when the focus is on short-term evolutionary issues. However, on longer time scales, selection, mutation, and drift can interact to pattern variation b ...
... drift is negligible relative to the power of selection, and also ignoring the origin of new variation by mutation. Such an approach often works well when the focus is on short-term evolutionary issues. However, on longer time scales, selection, mutation, and drift can interact to pattern variation b ...
Microsoft Word (Chapter 3) - DORAS
... hydroxamate siderophores exhibiting a variety of different structures, including ferrichrome, ferrioxamine B, coprogen and aerobactin. While each siderophore requires a cognate Fe3+-siderophore outer membrane receptor, the Fhu system is a less specific inner membrane transport system. The Fhu system ...
... hydroxamate siderophores exhibiting a variety of different structures, including ferrichrome, ferrioxamine B, coprogen and aerobactin. While each siderophore requires a cognate Fe3+-siderophore outer membrane receptor, the Fhu system is a less specific inner membrane transport system. The Fhu system ...
text version of rasmol/chime/jmol commands
... ligands. "Select water" will select only the water molecules, and "select ligand" will only select the ligand. The select command can also be used to select a specific chain in a pdb file, a single amino acid, or even a single atom (useful!). In selecting atoms or residues, it is possible to discrim ...
... ligands. "Select water" will select only the water molecules, and "select ligand" will only select the ligand. The select command can also be used to select a specific chain in a pdb file, a single amino acid, or even a single atom (useful!). In selecting atoms or residues, it is possible to discrim ...
Anthranilate 4H-oxazol-5-ones
... 4. Results and discussion 4-Cl Phenyl 4H-oxazol-5-one 5 was identified as an inhibitor of B. subtilis AcpS in a high-throughput screen (AcpS IC50: 15 mM) (Fig. 1). Unfortunately this compound had no MIC activity against several strains of bacteria. Compound 5 showed a low PAMPA permeability (0.0510 ...
... 4. Results and discussion 4-Cl Phenyl 4H-oxazol-5-one 5 was identified as an inhibitor of B. subtilis AcpS in a high-throughput screen (AcpS IC50: 15 mM) (Fig. 1). Unfortunately this compound had no MIC activity against several strains of bacteria. Compound 5 showed a low PAMPA permeability (0.0510 ...
Snorks Lab File
... DNA TO PROTEINS Demonstrate how the genetic information in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules and that this is virtually the same mechanism for all life forms. ...
... DNA TO PROTEINS Demonstrate how the genetic information in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules and that this is virtually the same mechanism for all life forms. ...
Comparison of the activities of protein disulphide
... The assay for PDI concentration used Coomassie Blue reagent (Sedmak & Grossberg, 1977) and for thioredoxin used Folin's reagent (Lowry et al., 1951). Both methods used BSA as the standard protein. Assay of PDI activity The assay of PDI activity followed the procedure of Lambert & Freedman (1983b), i ...
... The assay for PDI concentration used Coomassie Blue reagent (Sedmak & Grossberg, 1977) and for thioredoxin used Folin's reagent (Lowry et al., 1951). Both methods used BSA as the standard protein. Assay of PDI activity The assay of PDI activity followed the procedure of Lambert & Freedman (1983b), i ...
1. 1. Overview of Bioorganic Chemistry
... Robert Grubbs a recent Nobel Prize in chemistry. Thus, we saw information transfer in both directions. The work by Ronald Breslow with a chemical model system made it clear how a thiazolium salt such as thiamine could catalyze the biological reactions, and indeed, this turned out to be the correct m ...
... Robert Grubbs a recent Nobel Prize in chemistry. Thus, we saw information transfer in both directions. The work by Ronald Breslow with a chemical model system made it clear how a thiazolium salt such as thiamine could catalyze the biological reactions, and indeed, this turned out to be the correct m ...
RNA interference - Bio
... Expression plasmids and viral vectors are being employed in applied RNAi research. The reason being expression vectors allow continuous production of siRNAs in cells which relates to sustained depletion of the protein encoded by the targeted mRNA. With respect to viral vectors the transfection effic ...
... Expression plasmids and viral vectors are being employed in applied RNAi research. The reason being expression vectors allow continuous production of siRNAs in cells which relates to sustained depletion of the protein encoded by the targeted mRNA. With respect to viral vectors the transfection effic ...
Disintegrin, hemorrhagic, and proteolytic activities of Mohave
... mg/kg). Both subunits must be present to produce Mojave toxin, which can increase the venom toxicity significantly. Although specimens of C. s. scutulatus sampled throughout the majority of its range contain Mojave toxin, there are populations in central Arizona that do not express the neurotoxic co ...
... mg/kg). Both subunits must be present to produce Mojave toxin, which can increase the venom toxicity significantly. Although specimens of C. s. scutulatus sampled throughout the majority of its range contain Mojave toxin, there are populations in central Arizona that do not express the neurotoxic co ...
Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Rickettsia using the
... al., 1997). When the degree of infection was optimal, as estimated by Gimenez staining, rickettsiae were harvested and cultures were centrifuged at 12 000 g for 10 min, resuspended in medium and stored at k70 mC until nucleic acid purification was performed. Nucleic acid purification and PCR amplifi ...
... al., 1997). When the degree of infection was optimal, as estimated by Gimenez staining, rickettsiae were harvested and cultures were centrifuged at 12 000 g for 10 min, resuspended in medium and stored at k70 mC until nucleic acid purification was performed. Nucleic acid purification and PCR amplifi ...
18. enzymes iii
... The equilibrium between S and P reflects the difference in the free energy of their ground states. In the example shown in Fig., the free energy of the ground state of P is lower than that of S, hence ∆G°′ for the reaction is negative and the equilibrium favours P. This equilibrium is not affected b ...
... The equilibrium between S and P reflects the difference in the free energy of their ground states. In the example shown in Fig., the free energy of the ground state of P is lower than that of S, hence ∆G°′ for the reaction is negative and the equilibrium favours P. This equilibrium is not affected b ...
Enzymes at work
... Common types are acyltransferases and glycosyltransferases. CGTase (cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase) is one such enzyme type, which moves glucose residues within polysaccharide chains in a reaction that forms cyclic glucose oligomers (cyclodextrins). ...
... Common types are acyltransferases and glycosyltransferases. CGTase (cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase) is one such enzyme type, which moves glucose residues within polysaccharide chains in a reaction that forms cyclic glucose oligomers (cyclodextrins). ...
Two concepts of natural selection and their explanatory powers
... over the heritable variation of fitness model. But the aim of this paper can be stated more modestly: even if the replicationinteraction model did not have any immediate explanatory advantages over the heritable variation of fitness model (although I will argue in the last section that it does), if ...
... over the heritable variation of fitness model. But the aim of this paper can be stated more modestly: even if the replicationinteraction model did not have any immediate explanatory advantages over the heritable variation of fitness model (although I will argue in the last section that it does), if ...
The Thr to Met substitution of amino acid 118 in hepatitis B virus
... result, there is a high mutation rate of HBV reverse transcriptase due to the lacking of proofreading activity, which is the main cause of HBV mutation (Deng & Tang, 2011). HBV is a very compact virus with highly efficient usage of its genome. The small S gene of HBV is fully embedded in the polymer ...
... result, there is a high mutation rate of HBV reverse transcriptase due to the lacking of proofreading activity, which is the main cause of HBV mutation (Deng & Tang, 2011). HBV is a very compact virus with highly efficient usage of its genome. The small S gene of HBV is fully embedded in the polymer ...
Deoxyribozyme
_DNAzyme.png?width=300)
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.