Reprint
... In the presence of electron donors AH (Tyr, ascorbate, urate, nitrite, catecholamines, and many aromatic xenobiotics), Compound I can be turned into Compound II (MPO-Fe4+-OH) and can oxidize AH by one-electron transfer with formation of A•-radicals (reaction 3, Fig. 1) [12, 16, 19]. Compound II is c ...
... In the presence of electron donors AH (Tyr, ascorbate, urate, nitrite, catecholamines, and many aromatic xenobiotics), Compound I can be turned into Compound II (MPO-Fe4+-OH) and can oxidize AH by one-electron transfer with formation of A•-radicals (reaction 3, Fig. 1) [12, 16, 19]. Compound II is c ...
risk and technical assessment report
... were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk to the public from the use of β-galactosidase derived from B. circulans as a processing aid? No safety concerns with the use of this enzyme as a processing aid were raised. The sa ...
... were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk to the public from the use of β-galactosidase derived from B. circulans as a processing aid? No safety concerns with the use of this enzyme as a processing aid were raised. The sa ...
RNA 3`-terminal phosphate cyclases and cyclase
... Formation of RNAs terminating with 2’,3’-cyclic phosphate is a common phenomenon. Many endoribonucleases produce 2’,3’-cyclic phosphate-terminated RNAs as intermediates or final products of the cleavage reaction. These are proteinaceous (often referred to as cyclasing or metal-independent nucleases) ...
... Formation of RNAs terminating with 2’,3’-cyclic phosphate is a common phenomenon. Many endoribonucleases produce 2’,3’-cyclic phosphate-terminated RNAs as intermediates or final products of the cleavage reaction. These are proteinaceous (often referred to as cyclasing or metal-independent nucleases) ...
ALIMET® and DL-methionine solubility in extruded aquatic feeds
... As the fish grow, the size of the pellet fed to the fish also increases. In order to evaluate the effect of pellet size on nutrient digestibility, three sizes of pellets (3, 6 and 9 mm) were chosen within a diet. It was found that as the pellet size increased, the solubility of the nutrients decreas ...
... As the fish grow, the size of the pellet fed to the fish also increases. In order to evaluate the effect of pellet size on nutrient digestibility, three sizes of pellets (3, 6 and 9 mm) were chosen within a diet. It was found that as the pellet size increased, the solubility of the nutrients decreas ...
Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPAR
... transporter 1 (MCT1), which is expressed in virtually every cell. Acetoacetate, or bHB converted to acetoacetate by BDH, is converted next to acetoacetyl-CoA by a succinyl-CoA-dependent transferase (succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase, SCOT), which is the key reaction that enables ketone body ut ...
... transporter 1 (MCT1), which is expressed in virtually every cell. Acetoacetate, or bHB converted to acetoacetate by BDH, is converted next to acetoacetyl-CoA by a succinyl-CoA-dependent transferase (succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase, SCOT), which is the key reaction that enables ketone body ut ...
The Endogenous Citric Acid-Cycle Intermediates and Amino Acids
... a variety of animal tissues absorb oxygen when incubated without added substrate (e.g. Minnaert, 1960). Since a large proportion of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in the mitochondrial fraction of the cell (Hogeboom, Claude & Hotchkiss, 1946; Schneider & Hogeboom, 1950; Chappell & Per ...
... a variety of animal tissues absorb oxygen when incubated without added substrate (e.g. Minnaert, 1960). Since a large proportion of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in the mitochondrial fraction of the cell (Hogeboom, Claude & Hotchkiss, 1946; Schneider & Hogeboom, 1950; Chappell & Per ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
TP_2005AM - University of Washington
... of silk glands and silk synthesis in spiders being more complex than the evolution of silks in insects due to spiders producing silks in multiple glands throughout their lives (Craig et al., 1999). A Comparison of the mean costs, meaning, the amount of ATP to produce silk, shows that dragline silks ...
... of silk glands and silk synthesis in spiders being more complex than the evolution of silks in insects due to spiders producing silks in multiple glands throughout their lives (Craig et al., 1999). A Comparison of the mean costs, meaning, the amount of ATP to produce silk, shows that dragline silks ...
Beta-Cell Function and Failure in Type 1 Diabetes
... P. & Wollheim, C.B. 2001). There is even evidence of an uncommon subform of diabetes, mitochondrial diabetes, where mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction (Maechler, P. & Wollheim, C.B. 2001). Besides rendering the initial increase of ATP/ADP ratio, mitochondrial metab ...
... P. & Wollheim, C.B. 2001). There is even evidence of an uncommon subform of diabetes, mitochondrial diabetes, where mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction (Maechler, P. & Wollheim, C.B. 2001). Besides rendering the initial increase of ATP/ADP ratio, mitochondrial metab ...
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea
... cytoplasmic membranes are typically composed of diphytanylglycerol diethers (containing phytanyl chains consisting of 20 carbons) which form a lipid bilayer, although in some cases, such as those of some thermoacidophiles, the membranes can consist of diphytanyldiglycerol tetraethers (phytanyl chain ...
... cytoplasmic membranes are typically composed of diphytanylglycerol diethers (containing phytanyl chains consisting of 20 carbons) which form a lipid bilayer, although in some cases, such as those of some thermoacidophiles, the membranes can consist of diphytanyldiglycerol tetraethers (phytanyl chain ...
Gene Section GAST (gastrin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... on the sequence of preprogastrin, which includes the 21 amino acids of the signal peptide sequence, whereas the numbering system of others is based on the sequence of progastrin. The numbers at the top of the diagram represents the amino acid (aa) sequence for preprogastrin; the numbers at the botto ...
... on the sequence of preprogastrin, which includes the 21 amino acids of the signal peptide sequence, whereas the numbering system of others is based on the sequence of progastrin. The numbers at the top of the diagram represents the amino acid (aa) sequence for preprogastrin; the numbers at the botto ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... activated by AMP and inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate, which enables these isoenzymes to sense and respond to an intracellular need for energy. The liver enzyme, on the other hand, is much more tightly controlled by phosphorylation than by allosteric regulation, as is shown by the inability of the l ...
... activated by AMP and inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate, which enables these isoenzymes to sense and respond to an intracellular need for energy. The liver enzyme, on the other hand, is much more tightly controlled by phosphorylation than by allosteric regulation, as is shown by the inability of the l ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
... unrelated settings Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
... unrelated settings Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
tetrahedron report number 124 suicide substrates
... The second generation of enzyme-specific inactivation reagents have been in use for about the past decade and differ from the first in that the reactive functional group is latent in the molecules in solution. Only after binding to the target enzyme and after the enzyme begins catalysis is the react ...
... The second generation of enzyme-specific inactivation reagents have been in use for about the past decade and differ from the first in that the reactive functional group is latent in the molecules in solution. Only after binding to the target enzyme and after the enzyme begins catalysis is the react ...
Contents - Elsevier
... and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxidation– reduction systems, both based on nicotinamide but functionally independent. The experimentally measured ratio [NAD+] / [NADH] is much higher tha ...
... and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxidation– reduction systems, both based on nicotinamide but functionally independent. The experimentally measured ratio [NAD+] / [NADH] is much higher tha ...
The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: Function
... Oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria coupled to oxidative phosphorylation is the most important pathway for the production of metabolic energy during fasting. This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix where the enzymes of fatty acid b-oxidation are located. Fatty acyl groups are transporte ...
... Oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria coupled to oxidative phosphorylation is the most important pathway for the production of metabolic energy during fasting. This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix where the enzymes of fatty acid b-oxidation are located. Fatty acyl groups are transporte ...
Biodegradation of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid by a Newly
... resin in Japan is 140,000 ton/year. As a melamine molecule contains a very high level of nitrogen, the apparent content of protein can be increased by the intentional addition of the compound. In China, melamine was intentionally added to dairy products by some food industries in 2004-2007 [1]. Cons ...
... resin in Japan is 140,000 ton/year. As a melamine molecule contains a very high level of nitrogen, the apparent content of protein can be increased by the intentional addition of the compound. In China, melamine was intentionally added to dairy products by some food industries in 2004-2007 [1]. Cons ...
Identification of the Amino Terminus of Neuronal Ca2
... onto a1E(rbEII). The boxed CGG nucleotides before the ATG start site in the a1E(rbEII) were found to be present in the rbEII clone but are absent from the L15453 sequence in the database. This triplet is also present in the published mouse, human, and rabbit a1E sequences. The forward primers used ( ...
... onto a1E(rbEII). The boxed CGG nucleotides before the ATG start site in the a1E(rbEII) were found to be present in the rbEII clone but are absent from the L15453 sequence in the database. This triplet is also present in the published mouse, human, and rabbit a1E sequences. The forward primers used ( ...
Understanding the Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Acetylation in E
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or
... Commission to issue an opinion on the safety and the efficacy of a product containing Larginine produced by fermentation from Corynebacterium glutamicum (ATCC-13870) modified by conventional methods. It contains a minimum of 98 % L-arginine on dry matter basis (maximum 18% water). L-arginine is clas ...
... Commission to issue an opinion on the safety and the efficacy of a product containing Larginine produced by fermentation from Corynebacterium glutamicum (ATCC-13870) modified by conventional methods. It contains a minimum of 98 % L-arginine on dry matter basis (maximum 18% water). L-arginine is clas ...
Purification and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Fractions from the
... little lipid in their highly toxic fractions from several of the Enterobacteriaceae ; all their lipid extracts, including lipid A, possessed less than 1 % of the biological activity of the parent endotoxins. The balance of their published evidence suggests that a carbohydrate moiety is implicated in ...
... little lipid in their highly toxic fractions from several of the Enterobacteriaceae ; all their lipid extracts, including lipid A, possessed less than 1 % of the biological activity of the parent endotoxins. The balance of their published evidence suggests that a carbohydrate moiety is implicated in ...
Effects of Xylitol on S. mutans
... Inhibition of acid production by MS from dietary sugars Inhibition of MS growth Selection of a new less virulent MS population Reduction of the transmission / implantation of Ms ...
... Inhibition of acid production by MS from dietary sugars Inhibition of MS growth Selection of a new less virulent MS population Reduction of the transmission / implantation of Ms ...
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Low pH or high temperatures can also cause proteolysis non-enzymatically.Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells. Consequently, dis-regulation of proteolysis can cause diseases, and is used in some venoms to damage their prey.Proteolysis is important as an analytical tool for studying proteins in the laboratory, as well as industrially, for example in food processing and stain removal.