Amino Acid-Protecting Groups (PDF Available)
... selective deprotection is governed by alternative cleavage mechanisms rather than by reaction rates. Since the pioneernig work of Bergmann and Zervas, the development of new protecting groups has been deeply tied to peptide chemistry. Protection is totally mandatory for the construction of these pol ...
... selective deprotection is governed by alternative cleavage mechanisms rather than by reaction rates. Since the pioneernig work of Bergmann and Zervas, the development of new protecting groups has been deeply tied to peptide chemistry. Protection is totally mandatory for the construction of these pol ...
Overview of relaxin
... our autonomic nervous system and brain, smooth muscle (which includes the blood vessels and arteries, and digestive tract), skin, and connective tissue. Perhaps its most principle role is to regulate the synthesis and maintainence of collagen, our primary connective tissue protein. Every part of our ...
... our autonomic nervous system and brain, smooth muscle (which includes the blood vessels and arteries, and digestive tract), skin, and connective tissue. Perhaps its most principle role is to regulate the synthesis and maintainence of collagen, our primary connective tissue protein. Every part of our ...
DISCOVERY OF ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ALTERNATE
... Archaea are single-celled microorganisms that represent the Third Domain of Life. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that these microbes are one of the three direct lineages that emerged from the primordial world (1). The differences between these lineages were discovered to be so profound that it require ...
... Archaea are single-celled microorganisms that represent the Third Domain of Life. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that these microbes are one of the three direct lineages that emerged from the primordial world (1). The differences between these lineages were discovered to be so profound that it require ...
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a
... the mitochondrial matrix. However, in this yeast, acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion cannot meet the requirement for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Instead, a separate pathway known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, which involves pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA ...
... the mitochondrial matrix. However, in this yeast, acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion cannot meet the requirement for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Instead, a separate pathway known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, which involves pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA ...
BAG1, a negative regulator of Hsp70 chaperone activity, uncouples
... mixtures containing 14 μM GST-BAG-1 ⫹ 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (s), 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (u), or 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA alone (e) were incubated and loaded on the Superdex G-200 column. Radioactivity in each fraction was measured by γ-counting. Complexes were also detected in vitro b ...
... mixtures containing 14 μM GST-BAG-1 ⫹ 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (s), 14 μM Hsp70 ⫹ 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA (u), or 2.8 μM [125I]RCMLA alone (e) were incubated and loaded on the Superdex G-200 column. Radioactivity in each fraction was measured by γ-counting. Complexes were also detected in vitro b ...
Glucose
... combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate containing three carboxyls. Two carbon atoms emerged from the cycle as CO2 from the oxidation of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate. The energy released by these oxidations was conserved in the reduction of three NAD+ and one FAD and the production of one ATP ...
... combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate containing three carboxyls. Two carbon atoms emerged from the cycle as CO2 from the oxidation of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate. The energy released by these oxidations was conserved in the reduction of three NAD+ and one FAD and the production of one ATP ...
C. jejuni
... the largest and most ancient families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to carry out certain biological processes including translocation of various substrates across membranes an ...
... the largest and most ancient families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to carry out certain biological processes including translocation of various substrates across membranes an ...
Purification and characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from
... in activity; this inhibition was reversed by the addition of 5 mwcysteine, which restored 65% of the total activity. Inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylase by pchloromercuribenzoate (40 p~ resulted in 45 % reduction in activity) occurred in the absence of pyruvate, whereas in the presence of pyruvate ...
... in activity; this inhibition was reversed by the addition of 5 mwcysteine, which restored 65% of the total activity. Inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylase by pchloromercuribenzoate (40 p~ resulted in 45 % reduction in activity) occurred in the absence of pyruvate, whereas in the presence of pyruvate ...
Structure and function of haemoglobin: II. Some
... Residues are defined here as invariant when they occur at structurally identical sites in all the normal myoglobins and haemoglobins so far investigated. Abnormal haemoglobins have been excluded, because some of their abnormalities interfere with the oxygen-combining function, so that the protein ca ...
... Residues are defined here as invariant when they occur at structurally identical sites in all the normal myoglobins and haemoglobins so far investigated. Abnormal haemoglobins have been excluded, because some of their abnormalities interfere with the oxygen-combining function, so that the protein ca ...
PDF
... Acid mine drainage (AMD) waters are characterised by their acidic pH (< 4) and their high sulfate and metal loads. They are generated due to exposure of metal sulfides in the mined ores, coal or lignite to abiotic and biotic oxidation processes (i.e. [1–3]). These acidic water bodies provide an ecol ...
... Acid mine drainage (AMD) waters are characterised by their acidic pH (< 4) and their high sulfate and metal loads. They are generated due to exposure of metal sulfides in the mined ores, coal or lignite to abiotic and biotic oxidation processes (i.e. [1–3]). These acidic water bodies provide an ecol ...
Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, more commonly known as
... expression of CD18 on a transfectant cell-line confirmed that CD18 is the functional receptor for Lkt (2007b). Subsequently, by constructing bovine-murine CD18 chimeras, the Lkt-binding site was mapped to a domain on CD18 encompassing amino acids 1 to 291 (Gopinath et al., 2005). The next logical st ...
... expression of CD18 on a transfectant cell-line confirmed that CD18 is the functional receptor for Lkt (2007b). Subsequently, by constructing bovine-murine CD18 chimeras, the Lkt-binding site was mapped to a domain on CD18 encompassing amino acids 1 to 291 (Gopinath et al., 2005). The next logical st ...
“Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of microbial polymalic and polyglutamic acids derivatives.”
... It is worth noting that the hydrolytic degradation of the parent polyacids, PMLA and PGGA, takes place at much higher rates than for the complexes. In fact, we have observed that PMLA becomes degraded near 90% in 3 d at pH=7.4 and 37 ºC (unpublished results) and PGGA near 60% in 2 d under the same c ...
... It is worth noting that the hydrolytic degradation of the parent polyacids, PMLA and PGGA, takes place at much higher rates than for the complexes. In fact, we have observed that PMLA becomes degraded near 90% in 3 d at pH=7.4 and 37 ºC (unpublished results) and PGGA near 60% in 2 d under the same c ...
BACILLUS SPHAERICUS TOXINS: Molecular Biology and Mode of
... The amino acid sequences of P51 and P42 are not similar to those of any other bacterial toxins, including those produced by B.thuringiensis serovar israelensi (Bti). However , P51 and P42 share four segments of sequence similarity (8) , the significance of which remains unclear . therefore, P51 and ...
... The amino acid sequences of P51 and P42 are not similar to those of any other bacterial toxins, including those produced by B.thuringiensis serovar israelensi (Bti). However , P51 and P42 share four segments of sequence similarity (8) , the significance of which remains unclear . therefore, P51 and ...
Purification and properties of NADP +-dependent
... batch prepared from between one to five residues per mole. In the purified A . niger enzyme one ornithine residue was found. The presence of ornithine was confirmed independently by the methanesulphonic acid and performic acid hydrolysis methods. The modification must be due to the action of an argi ...
... batch prepared from between one to five residues per mole. In the purified A . niger enzyme one ornithine residue was found. The presence of ornithine was confirmed independently by the methanesulphonic acid and performic acid hydrolysis methods. The modification must be due to the action of an argi ...
Synonymous codons are not the same with
... result to appreciate this notion of translation speed difference among the synonymous codons 8. So the difference among synonymous codons with regard to translational speed was not conclusive from any of the previously performed experiments. In this context, Yu et al. 9 have recently provided conclu ...
... result to appreciate this notion of translation speed difference among the synonymous codons 8. So the difference among synonymous codons with regard to translational speed was not conclusive from any of the previously performed experiments. In this context, Yu et al. 9 have recently provided conclu ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... Influence of amino acids on growth and nitrogen fixation. A. brasiliense, A. lipoferum, and A. amazonense strains showed a species-specific pattern of response toward glutamate, histidine, alanine, and serine (Table 1). A. lipoferum strains grew very well on these amino acids as the sole nitrogen an ...
... Influence of amino acids on growth and nitrogen fixation. A. brasiliense, A. lipoferum, and A. amazonense strains showed a species-specific pattern of response toward glutamate, histidine, alanine, and serine (Table 1). A. lipoferum strains grew very well on these amino acids as the sole nitrogen an ...
Full Text
... (Capila and Linhardt 2002; Munoz and Linhardt 2004). Four types of bacterial heparin/HS lyases have been identified. Heparinase I (HepI) is specific for heparin and cleaves the bond on the nonreducing end of iduronic acid, heparinase III (HepIII) cleaves HS at the nonreducing end of glucuronic acid, w ...
... (Capila and Linhardt 2002; Munoz and Linhardt 2004). Four types of bacterial heparin/HS lyases have been identified. Heparinase I (HepI) is specific for heparin and cleaves the bond on the nonreducing end of iduronic acid, heparinase III (HepIII) cleaves HS at the nonreducing end of glucuronic acid, w ...
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... However, only the functions of chains linked through K48 or K63 of ubiquitin have been firmly established. While K48-linked chains trigger proteasomal degradation, K63-linked chains recruit binding partners during inflammation or DNA repair (Kerscher et al., 2006). Several E3s can assemble specific ...
... However, only the functions of chains linked through K48 or K63 of ubiquitin have been firmly established. While K48-linked chains trigger proteasomal degradation, K63-linked chains recruit binding partners during inflammation or DNA repair (Kerscher et al., 2006). Several E3s can assemble specific ...
Enzymes in Milk: Their Function in the Mammary Gland, in Milk, and
... characterized plasminogen activator isolated from urine. Inhibition of activity by di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) indicates that serine is at the active site, as in urokinase. MILK ENZYMES IMPORTANT IN NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT Proteolytic Enzymes and Antiproteases in Human Milk ...
... characterized plasminogen activator isolated from urine. Inhibition of activity by di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) indicates that serine is at the active site, as in urokinase. MILK ENZYMES IMPORTANT IN NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT Proteolytic Enzymes and Antiproteases in Human Milk ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... – Sulfonamides (antibiotic) – Asprin – Quinadine – Naphthalene – Fava beans Exposure to these chemicals results in increased cellular production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide ...
... – Sulfonamides (antibiotic) – Asprin – Quinadine – Naphthalene – Fava beans Exposure to these chemicals results in increased cellular production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide ...
Multiomics of tomato glandular trichomes reveals
... chromatograms of LA1777 (Supplemental Figure 2). These results confirm previous metabolite analyses of tomato trichomes and underline that trichomes of these species produce different terpenoid secondary metabolites (Slocombe et al., 2008; Besser et al., 2009; Schilmiller et al., 2010; McDowell e ...
... chromatograms of LA1777 (Supplemental Figure 2). These results confirm previous metabolite analyses of tomato trichomes and underline that trichomes of these species produce different terpenoid secondary metabolites (Slocombe et al., 2008; Besser et al., 2009; Schilmiller et al., 2010; McDowell e ...
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Low pH or high temperatures can also cause proteolysis non-enzymatically.Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells. Consequently, dis-regulation of proteolysis can cause diseases, and is used in some venoms to damage their prey.Proteolysis is important as an analytical tool for studying proteins in the laboratory, as well as industrially, for example in food processing and stain removal.