on the importance of cooperativity effects - RSC Publishing
... important in protein structures. A pioneering systematic search through the Protein Data Bank (PDB) showed that anion–p close contacts exist in experimental protein structures between the standard aromatic residues (Trp, Phe, Tyr, and His) and anions, such as chloride and phosphate.25 Also, by a sys ...
... important in protein structures. A pioneering systematic search through the Protein Data Bank (PDB) showed that anion–p close contacts exist in experimental protein structures between the standard aromatic residues (Trp, Phe, Tyr, and His) and anions, such as chloride and phosphate.25 Also, by a sys ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome-scale
... cardiomyocytes (Zhao and Huang, 2011;Karlstaedt et al., 2012), hepatocytes (Gille et al., 2010;Jerby et al., 2010;Bordbar et al., 2011a), alveolar macrophages (Bordbar et al., 2010), red blood cells (Bordbar et al., 2011b), renal cells (Chang et al., 2010), enterocytes of the small intestine (Sahoo ...
... cardiomyocytes (Zhao and Huang, 2011;Karlstaedt et al., 2012), hepatocytes (Gille et al., 2010;Jerby et al., 2010;Bordbar et al., 2011a), alveolar macrophages (Bordbar et al., 2010), red blood cells (Bordbar et al., 2011b), renal cells (Chang et al., 2010), enterocytes of the small intestine (Sahoo ...
NIH Public Access - University of Utah Health Care
... genetic studies of three families with children suffering from lactic acidosis and hyperpyruvatemia revealed a causal locus that mapped to MPC1, changing single amino acids that are conserved throughout eukaryotes. These data demonstrate that Mpc1 and Mpc2 form an essential part of the mitochondrial ...
... genetic studies of three families with children suffering from lactic acidosis and hyperpyruvatemia revealed a causal locus that mapped to MPC1, changing single amino acids that are conserved throughout eukaryotes. These data demonstrate that Mpc1 and Mpc2 form an essential part of the mitochondrial ...
Ribosomal Stalk Protein L12: Structure, Function and
... The ribosome is composed of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) arranged in two subunits, the large subunit is about twice the size of the small subunit. The ribosomes, ribosomal subunits and rRNAs are called by their sedimentation coefficient (S). The intact ribosome is calle ...
... The ribosome is composed of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) arranged in two subunits, the large subunit is about twice the size of the small subunit. The ribosomes, ribosomal subunits and rRNAs are called by their sedimentation coefficient (S). The intact ribosome is calle ...
Studies on the key amino acid residues responsible for the alkali
... E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Qu). ...
... E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Qu). ...
The proofreading mechanism of isoleucyl
... blueprint ‐ the mRNA. The fidelity of the translation step is hence both depending on the discrimination of tRNA by the ribosome, as well as on the accurate binding of an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA ‐ the aminoacyl‐ tRNA synthesis. ...
... blueprint ‐ the mRNA. The fidelity of the translation step is hence both depending on the discrimination of tRNA by the ribosome, as well as on the accurate binding of an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA ‐ the aminoacyl‐ tRNA synthesis. ...
AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the
... CPT-1. A close correlation exists between increased AMPK activity, decreased ACC activity and increased fatty acid oxidation in isolated working rat hearts [21,22,39,56]. It has been well established that AMPK is able to phosphorylate both isoforms of ACC [47–49] and we have shown that cardiac ACC c ...
... CPT-1. A close correlation exists between increased AMPK activity, decreased ACC activity and increased fatty acid oxidation in isolated working rat hearts [21,22,39,56]. It has been well established that AMPK is able to phosphorylate both isoforms of ACC [47–49] and we have shown that cardiac ACC c ...
Desert hedgehog is a mammal-specific gene expressed during testicular and ovarian
... Background: Desert hedgehog (DHH) belongs to the hedgehog gene family that act as secreted intercellular signal transducers. DHH is an essential morphogen for normal testicular development and function in both mice and humans but is not present in the avian lineage. Like other hedgehog proteins, DHH ...
... Background: Desert hedgehog (DHH) belongs to the hedgehog gene family that act as secreted intercellular signal transducers. DHH is an essential morphogen for normal testicular development and function in both mice and humans but is not present in the avian lineage. Like other hedgehog proteins, DHH ...
Desert hedgehogis a mammal-specific gene expressed during
... Background: Desert hedgehog (DHH) belongs to the hedgehog gene family that act as secreted intercellular signal transducers. DHH is an essential morphogen for normal testicular development and function in both mice and humans but is not present in the avian lineage. Like other hedgehog proteins, DHH ...
... Background: Desert hedgehog (DHH) belongs to the hedgehog gene family that act as secreted intercellular signal transducers. DHH is an essential morphogen for normal testicular development and function in both mice and humans but is not present in the avian lineage. Like other hedgehog proteins, DHH ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
... which A. concentration is kept the same and the rate is measured B. concentration is kept the same and the rate is measured C. * concentration is constant, E concentration varied and the rate is measured D. concentration is constant, S concentration varied and the rate is measured E. All of the abov ...
... which A. concentration is kept the same and the rate is measured B. concentration is kept the same and the rate is measured C. * concentration is constant, E concentration varied and the rate is measured D. concentration is constant, S concentration varied and the rate is measured E. All of the abov ...
Novel targets for tuberculosis drug discovery
... — is the main intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and other metabolites, including folic acid and quinones. The whole pathway is essential in M. tuberculosis [33], and the aroK gene could only be disrupted in the presence of a functional copy elsewhere on the chromosome. AroE [3 ...
... — is the main intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and other metabolites, including folic acid and quinones. The whole pathway is essential in M. tuberculosis [33], and the aroK gene could only be disrupted in the presence of a functional copy elsewhere on the chromosome. AroE [3 ...
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... Box 1 | The ubiquitin code Ubiquitin is usually attached to the ε‑amino group of Lys residues in substrates (see the figure). The transfer of a single ubiquitin to one (monoubiquitylation) or multiple (multi‑monoubiquitylation) sites can recruit binding partners, inhibit interactions, change protein ...
... Box 1 | The ubiquitin code Ubiquitin is usually attached to the ε‑amino group of Lys residues in substrates (see the figure). The transfer of a single ubiquitin to one (monoubiquitylation) or multiple (multi‑monoubiquitylation) sites can recruit binding partners, inhibit interactions, change protein ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis in Protozoan Parasites: Unusual Pathways and
... Although few side effects of fatty acid synthesis inhibition are seen in adult animals, effects on development appear to be more severe. Homozygous knockout mice that are unable to synthesize fatty acids die as early embryos. Although heterozygous mice retain ~ 35% of fatty acid synthesis activity a ...
... Although few side effects of fatty acid synthesis inhibition are seen in adult animals, effects on development appear to be more severe. Homozygous knockout mice that are unable to synthesize fatty acids die as early embryos. Although heterozygous mice retain ~ 35% of fatty acid synthesis activity a ...
VAAM-Jahrestagung 2015 1.–4. März in Marburg/Lahn
... More and more human SNPs are analyzed for their potential association with diseases, risk factors and predispositions. Our LightSNiP assays are preestablished, probe-based tests using a melting curve to detect sequence variations. These assays are developed on the Roche LightCycler® 480 system, but ...
... More and more human SNPs are analyzed for their potential association with diseases, risk factors and predispositions. Our LightSNiP assays are preestablished, probe-based tests using a melting curve to detect sequence variations. These assays are developed on the Roche LightCycler® 480 system, but ...
An Introduction to Enzyme Science
... altering the apparent substrate binding affinity), metabolic control is also achieved by the regulated synthesis and degradation of specific enzymes, by interconversion between enzyme activity states via enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification, by effector molecule mediated signal amplification, and ...
... altering the apparent substrate binding affinity), metabolic control is also achieved by the regulated synthesis and degradation of specific enzymes, by interconversion between enzyme activity states via enzyme-catalyzed covalent modification, by effector molecule mediated signal amplification, and ...
The Complete Oxidation of Palmitate Yields 106 Molecules of ATP
... acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily usable form by additional enzyme reactions. ...
... acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms yield a propionyl CoA at the final thiolysis step that must be converted into an easily usable form by additional enzyme reactions. ...
Full-Text PDF
... Growth of AAP in the presence of different K2TeO3 concentrations confirmed these bacteria possess a high level resistance. Strains appear to be similar, resisting and reducing up to 1500 µg/mL, however, optimal growth and reduction occurred at 500 µg/mL K2TeO3 for E1, E4(1), E5, and KR99, while 100 ...
... Growth of AAP in the presence of different K2TeO3 concentrations confirmed these bacteria possess a high level resistance. Strains appear to be similar, resisting and reducing up to 1500 µg/mL, however, optimal growth and reduction occurred at 500 µg/mL K2TeO3 for E1, E4(1), E5, and KR99, while 100 ...
Unraveling Biochemical Pathways Affected by Mitochondrial
... The acetyl-CoA molecules formed will then be used to feed other metabolic pathways, such as the TCA cycle [26], or to produce cholesterol or other lipids through lipogenesis [27]. The acyl-CoA can also be transported back to the cytosol by the carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase system to produce a ...
... The acetyl-CoA molecules formed will then be used to feed other metabolic pathways, such as the TCA cycle [26], or to produce cholesterol or other lipids through lipogenesis [27]. The acyl-CoA can also be transported back to the cytosol by the carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase system to produce a ...
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine
... cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity.[25] An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm. [27] ...
... cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity.[25] An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm. [27] ...
How Optimized Is the Translational Machinery in
... be the same as that in the baseline condition when Q j exactly matches p j , e.g., when Q 1 5 p 1 in Figure 1. The baseline condition therefore seems to guarantee a relatively small Y value over a wide fluctuation of Q j values. Y will be smaller than the baseline condition only when Q j values are ...
... be the same as that in the baseline condition when Q j exactly matches p j , e.g., when Q 1 5 p 1 in Figure 1. The baseline condition therefore seems to guarantee a relatively small Y value over a wide fluctuation of Q j values. Y will be smaller than the baseline condition only when Q j values are ...
Toxoplasma gondii Chitinase Induces Macrophage Activation
... have been described (Table 1), some of their characteristics were elucidated herein: (a) the optimal pH for chitinase activity is usually in the range of 4.0–7.0; (b) the optimal temperature is usually 50°C; and (c) their molecular mass is commonly between 15 and 50 kDa. Our research on a chitinase ...
... have been described (Table 1), some of their characteristics were elucidated herein: (a) the optimal pH for chitinase activity is usually in the range of 4.0–7.0; (b) the optimal temperature is usually 50°C; and (c) their molecular mass is commonly between 15 and 50 kDa. Our research on a chitinase ...
Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates
... muscle glycogen that does not require the presence of insulin and lasts ⬃30–60 min. This early postexercise recovery period is marked by an exercise-induced permeability of the muscle cell membrane to glucose (18). GLUT-4 translocation occurs during exercise, and the increase in the density of GLUT- ...
... muscle glycogen that does not require the presence of insulin and lasts ⬃30–60 min. This early postexercise recovery period is marked by an exercise-induced permeability of the muscle cell membrane to glucose (18). GLUT-4 translocation occurs during exercise, and the increase in the density of GLUT- ...
Biological Radical Sulfur Insertion Reactions
... sulfur atoms into metabolic precursors and the selective formation of C-S bonds. In cells, cysteine is the common source of the sulfur atom in these reactions. During biosynthesis of coenzyme A, no new C-S bond is formed since one is already present in cysteine. However, in the other cases the biosy ...
... sulfur atoms into metabolic precursors and the selective formation of C-S bonds. In cells, cysteine is the common source of the sulfur atom in these reactions. During biosynthesis of coenzyme A, no new C-S bond is formed since one is already present in cysteine. However, in the other cases the biosy ...
LIPID METABOLISM - Orange Coast College
... Stored in anhydrous state Non-polar Provide ~ 6 times energy of hydrated glycogen ...
... Stored in anhydrous state Non-polar Provide ~ 6 times energy of hydrated glycogen ...
A1018 High oleic GM soybean AppR SD1 Safety Assess AMENDED
... present at junctions associated with two of the insertion sites; neither of these ORFs is likely to be expressed due to the absence of the necessary regulatory sequences. Characterisation of Novel Protein The introduced gm-fad2-1 element is a partial sequence rather than a complete gene, therefore n ...
... present at junctions associated with two of the insertion sites; neither of these ORFs is likely to be expressed due to the absence of the necessary regulatory sequences. Characterisation of Novel Protein The introduced gm-fad2-1 element is a partial sequence rather than a complete gene, therefore n ...
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Low pH or high temperatures can also cause proteolysis non-enzymatically.Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells. Consequently, dis-regulation of proteolysis can cause diseases, and is used in some venoms to damage their prey.Proteolysis is important as an analytical tool for studying proteins in the laboratory, as well as industrially, for example in food processing and stain removal.