Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
... electron pairs, the attack takes place mainly through carbon atom and not through nitrogen atom since C—C bond is more stable than C—N bond. However, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature and nitrogen is free to donate electron pair forming isocyanide as the main product. ...
... electron pairs, the attack takes place mainly through carbon atom and not through nitrogen atom since C—C bond is more stable than C—N bond. However, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature and nitrogen is free to donate electron pair forming isocyanide as the main product. ...
NOTES + W.I.S.K. + Glossary
... There are 3 rules which determine in which orbitals the electrons of an element are located. 1. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons will fill orbitals starting with the orbital of lowest energy. 2. For degenerate orbitals, electrons fill each orbital singly before any orbital gets a second el ...
... There are 3 rules which determine in which orbitals the electrons of an element are located. 1. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons will fill orbitals starting with the orbital of lowest energy. 2. For degenerate orbitals, electrons fill each orbital singly before any orbital gets a second el ...
Aromatic Compounds
... Rings: The Friedel-Crafts Reaction Alkylation • The introduction of an alkyl group onto the benzene ring • Called the Friedel-Crafts reaction after its discoverers • Among the most useful electrophilic aromatic substitution ...
... Rings: The Friedel-Crafts Reaction Alkylation • The introduction of an alkyl group onto the benzene ring • Called the Friedel-Crafts reaction after its discoverers • Among the most useful electrophilic aromatic substitution ...
When Gold Is Not Noble: Nanoscale Gold
... LHt. Through mapping of the potential energy surface along the C-O1 reaction coordinate (via total relaxation of the system with the variable C-O1 distance as a constraint) we determined a rather low energy barrier ∆Eb (LHt) ) 0.1 eV (occurring at db(CO1) ≈ 2.0 Å) for the LHT oxidation channel with ...
... LHt. Through mapping of the potential energy surface along the C-O1 reaction coordinate (via total relaxation of the system with the variable C-O1 distance as a constraint) we determined a rather low energy barrier ∆Eb (LHt) ) 0.1 eV (occurring at db(CO1) ≈ 2.0 Å) for the LHT oxidation channel with ...
Porphyrin Complex - Center for Biomimetic Systems
... by 2, triphenylmethanol was yielded as the only detected product. When the triphenylmethane hydroxylation was carried out in the presence of H218O, 50% of the oxygen atom in the triphenylmethanol product derived from the labeled water (Scheme 1A). Furthermore, when the triphenylmethane hydroxylation ...
... by 2, triphenylmethanol was yielded as the only detected product. When the triphenylmethane hydroxylation was carried out in the presence of H218O, 50% of the oxygen atom in the triphenylmethanol product derived from the labeled water (Scheme 1A). Furthermore, when the triphenylmethane hydroxylation ...
Organic Chemistry
... Carbocation: a species in which a carbon atom has only six electrons in its valence shell and bears positive charge Carbocations are • classified as 1°, 2°, or 3° depending on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon bearing the positive charge • electrophiles; that is, they are electron-loving • ...
... Carbocation: a species in which a carbon atom has only six electrons in its valence shell and bears positive charge Carbocations are • classified as 1°, 2°, or 3° depending on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon bearing the positive charge • electrophiles; that is, they are electron-loving • ...
The Reaction Rates of O2 with Closed-Shell and Open
... singlet Al13− species to give singlet Al9− and 2Al2O.18−21 It was demonstrated that isolated Al13− ions in an O2 atmosphere of about 10−8 mbar in an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) trap do not form Al9− species even after about 600 s.18 In order to show that this hindered Al13− + O2 reaction is not ju ...
... singlet Al13− species to give singlet Al9− and 2Al2O.18−21 It was demonstrated that isolated Al13− ions in an O2 atmosphere of about 10−8 mbar in an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) trap do not form Al9− species even after about 600 s.18 In order to show that this hindered Al13− + O2 reaction is not ju ...
16 Chemical Equilibrium Chapter Outline Rates of Reaction
... Factors That Affect Reaction Rates ...
... Factors That Affect Reaction Rates ...
Organometallic compounds of the d-block elements
... 2 alkenes bond to the metal “side on” and are two electron donors. A scheme similar to that used for CO can also be invoked here. The alkene to M donation is from the filled C=C orbital and the back bond from M is into the * C=C orbital ...
... 2 alkenes bond to the metal “side on” and are two electron donors. A scheme similar to that used for CO can also be invoked here. The alkene to M donation is from the filled C=C orbital and the back bond from M is into the * C=C orbital ...
CHM 235 Course Outline and Homework in McMurry (6th ed.)
... Polar reactions (electrophile, nucleophile) Curved arrow formalism (“arrow-pushing”) to show reaction mechanisms Thermodynamics (Go = Ho - TSo) (exergonic, endergonic, exothermic, endothermic) Bond dissociation energies (Ho = energy used to break bonds–energy gained by making bonds) En ...
... Polar reactions (electrophile, nucleophile) Curved arrow formalism (“arrow-pushing”) to show reaction mechanisms Thermodynamics (Go = Ho - TSo) (exergonic, endergonic, exothermic, endothermic) Bond dissociation energies (Ho = energy used to break bonds–energy gained by making bonds) En ...
Organocatalysed asymmetric Mannich reactions
... 3-Aminotetroses 26 were obtained through a proline-catalysed homo-Mannich reaction of protected glycolaldehydes 28 (Scheme 9).12 The enantioselectivity of this reaction was high (up to .99% ee), but the diastereoselectivity disappointing with a dr ranging from 1 : 1 to 4 : 1 (syn : anti). The analog ...
... 3-Aminotetroses 26 were obtained through a proline-catalysed homo-Mannich reaction of protected glycolaldehydes 28 (Scheme 9).12 The enantioselectivity of this reaction was high (up to .99% ee), but the diastereoselectivity disappointing with a dr ranging from 1 : 1 to 4 : 1 (syn : anti). The analog ...
Theoretical Study of Gas-Phase Reactions of Fe(CO)5 with OH
... of the postulated cycle, do all of them play an active role in the reaction mechanism? Are other species involved? If so, what are their molecular and electronic structures? And which are the transition states (TSs) or short-lived intermediates connecting them? Most importantly, what type of reactio ...
... of the postulated cycle, do all of them play an active role in the reaction mechanism? Are other species involved? If so, what are their molecular and electronic structures? And which are the transition states (TSs) or short-lived intermediates connecting them? Most importantly, what type of reactio ...
Gas-Phase Reactions of Fe (CH2O)+ and Fe (CH2S)+ with Small
... Abstract: The gas-phase reactions of Fe(CH2O)+ and Fe(CH2S)+ with a series of aliphatic alkanes were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. Like bare Fe+, C-C insertion, particularly terminal C-C insertion, is predominant for the reactions of Fe(CH2O)+, while ...
... Abstract: The gas-phase reactions of Fe(CH2O)+ and Fe(CH2S)+ with a series of aliphatic alkanes were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. Like bare Fe+, C-C insertion, particularly terminal C-C insertion, is predominant for the reactions of Fe(CH2O)+, while ...
An experimentally validated numerical model of interface advance of
... Received: 18 June 2015 / Accepted: 12 December 2015 / Published online: 5 January 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com ...
... Received: 18 June 2015 / Accepted: 12 December 2015 / Published online: 5 January 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com ...
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules, devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, are a set of rules in organic chemistry predicting the barrier heights of pericyclic reactions based upon conservation of orbital symmetry. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can be applied to understand electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions (including cheletropic reactions), sigmatropic reactions, and group transfer reactions. Reactions are classified as allowed if the electronic barrier is low, and forbidden if the barrier is high. Forbidden reactions can still take place but require significantly more energy.The Woodward–Hoffmann rules were first formulated to explain the striking stereospecificity of electrocyclic reactions under thermal and photochemical control. Thermolysis of the substituted cyclobutene trans-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (1) gave only one diastereomer, the (E,E)-3,4-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (2) as shown below; the (Z,Z) and the (E,Z) diastereomers were not detected in the reaction. Similarly, thermolysis of cis-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (3) gave only the (E,Z) diastereomer (4).Due to their elegance and simplicity, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are credited with first exemplifying the power of molecular orbital theory to experimental chemists. Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory; because Woodward had died two years before, he was not eligible to win what would have been his second Nobel Prize for Chemistry.