The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... an odor was associated in the reversal of an olfactory discrimination task. It was found that 68% of the sample of neurons analyzed altered the way in which they responded to odor when the taste reinforcement association of the odor was reversed (Rolls et al., 1996b). (Of the 68%, 25% showed reversa ...
... an odor was associated in the reversal of an olfactory discrimination task. It was found that 68% of the sample of neurons analyzed altered the way in which they responded to odor when the taste reinforcement association of the odor was reversed (Rolls et al., 1996b). (Of the 68%, 25% showed reversa ...
Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time ⁎ Michael E. Hasselmo , Chantal E. Stern
... subjects, but controversy continues over the functional role of theta frequency oscillations (commonly referred to as theta rhythm). Understanding the functional role of theta rhythm will benefit from attention to data on the role of theta rhythm in animals. Here we will review data on theta rhythm i ...
... subjects, but controversy continues over the functional role of theta frequency oscillations (commonly referred to as theta rhythm). Understanding the functional role of theta rhythm will benefit from attention to data on the role of theta rhythm in animals. Here we will review data on theta rhythm i ...
Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... support that the angular gyrus is critically involved in the reorienting of attention. Whereas patient and TMS studies have provided strong evidence for the brain regions involved in attention mechanisms, EEG and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have provided complimentary evidence for the temporal stru ...
... support that the angular gyrus is critically involved in the reorienting of attention. Whereas patient and TMS studies have provided strong evidence for the brain regions involved in attention mechanisms, EEG and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have provided complimentary evidence for the temporal stru ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... the amygdala (Andero et al. 2014; Leal et al. 2014; Minichiello 2009). The amygdala is a critical component of the circuit mediating Pavlovian fear conditioning (Davis & Whalen 2001; Fanselow & Gale 2003; LeDoux 2007; Maren & Quirk 2004; Pape & Pare 2010). In this paradigm, a motivationally neutral ...
... the amygdala (Andero et al. 2014; Leal et al. 2014; Minichiello 2009). The amygdala is a critical component of the circuit mediating Pavlovian fear conditioning (Davis & Whalen 2001; Fanselow & Gale 2003; LeDoux 2007; Maren & Quirk 2004; Pape & Pare 2010). In this paradigm, a motivationally neutral ...
Learning of Sequences of Finger Movements and Timing: Frontal
... learning occurred. In the FINGER condition, the order of the position of the asterisks for the eight-stimulus sequence was fixed across trials, whereas the timing of stimulus presentation was varied. Thus subjects repeated the same sequence of finger movements with different timing for each trial. L ...
... learning occurred. In the FINGER condition, the order of the position of the asterisks for the eight-stimulus sequence was fixed across trials, whereas the timing of stimulus presentation was varied. Thus subjects repeated the same sequence of finger movements with different timing for each trial. L ...
Creating associative memory distortions
... a manner that seriously differs from actually experienced events (Roediger, 1996). Studies have shown that memory errors arise from various psychological processes. Mazzoni (2002), for example, distinguished between naturally occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions. The first type of m ...
... a manner that seriously differs from actually experienced events (Roediger, 1996). Studies have shown that memory errors arise from various psychological processes. Mazzoni (2002), for example, distinguished between naturally occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions. The first type of m ...
Chapter 13 Stress and Glucocorticoid Contributions to Normal and
... dependent task performance in rodents [60, 66]. Studies in humans also support a link between high circulating GC levels and poor learning and memory, although these impairments are not specific to hippocampal function. However, two studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that GC receptors are e ...
... dependent task performance in rodents [60, 66]. Studies in humans also support a link between high circulating GC levels and poor learning and memory, although these impairments are not specific to hippocampal function. However, two studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that GC receptors are e ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... reward and the other with punishment. The brain state should contain the information that pleasantness is associated with the first stimulus and not with the other. If neurons represent only one mental state variable at a time, like stimulus identity, or stimulus valence, then “binding” the informati ...
... reward and the other with punishment. The brain state should contain the information that pleasantness is associated with the first stimulus and not with the other. If neurons represent only one mental state variable at a time, like stimulus identity, or stimulus valence, then “binding” the informati ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... inhibitory learning. Peripheral plasma and serum studies [46–48] as well as genetic studies have directly linked BDNF to PTSD [49]. In addition, transgenic, molecular and behavioral studies in rodents have provided insights into the underlying mechanisms of BDNF signaling in PTSD. There is burgeonin ...
... inhibitory learning. Peripheral plasma and serum studies [46–48] as well as genetic studies have directly linked BDNF to PTSD [49]. In addition, transgenic, molecular and behavioral studies in rodents have provided insights into the underlying mechanisms of BDNF signaling in PTSD. There is burgeonin ...
Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
... recent investigations of his modern counterparts and review perti nent findings from neuropsychological research in humans and animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brai ...
... recent investigations of his modern counterparts and review perti nent findings from neuropsychological research in humans and animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brai ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... other higher order inputs supply the information needed for dynamic motor adjustments that allow people to step over and around visible obstacles. b. Cerebellum and Red Nucleus The largest component of the brain stem motor system is the cerebellum. The medial cerebellum controls posture, whereas the ...
... other higher order inputs supply the information needed for dynamic motor adjustments that allow people to step over and around visible obstacles. b. Cerebellum and Red Nucleus The largest component of the brain stem motor system is the cerebellum. The medial cerebellum controls posture, whereas the ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... events, consistent with the evidence of context-dependent firing of neurons in region CA3 (Guzowski, Knierim, & Moser, 2004; Leutgeb, Leutgeb, Treves, Moser, & Moser, 2004), and for impairment of context-dependent behavior with selective CA3 lesions (Lee, Hunsaker, & Kesner, 2005). The convergence o ...
... events, consistent with the evidence of context-dependent firing of neurons in region CA3 (Guzowski, Knierim, & Moser, 2004; Leutgeb, Leutgeb, Treves, Moser, & Moser, 2004), and for impairment of context-dependent behavior with selective CA3 lesions (Lee, Hunsaker, & Kesner, 2005). The convergence o ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... Neuroscience Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank them for creating a great scientific environment for my graduate training. I am especially grateful to Richard Dum for his patience in teaching me the surgical and data analysis skills needed for this work and for his invo ...
... Neuroscience Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank them for creating a great scientific environment for my graduate training. I am especially grateful to Richard Dum for his patience in teaching me the surgical and data analysis skills needed for this work and for his invo ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... the body of the cerebellum from the smaller flocculonodular lobe (Figure 42–2B). Each lobe extends across the cerebellum from the midline to the most lateral tip. In the orthogonal, anterior-posterior direction two longitudinal furrows divide three regions: the midline vermis (Latin, worm) and the c ...
... the body of the cerebellum from the smaller flocculonodular lobe (Figure 42–2B). Each lobe extends across the cerebellum from the midline to the most lateral tip. In the orthogonal, anterior-posterior direction two longitudinal furrows divide three regions: the midline vermis (Latin, worm) and the c ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
A precocious adult visual center in the larva defines the unique optic
... predators preying on small arthropods using a lungeand-snap action of their pincer-like mandibles. In the laboratory’s aquaria, larvae were observed hiding in gravel on the bottom and attacking prey above them (freshly thawed bloodworms Chironomus sp.). This behavior is interpreted as being triggere ...
... predators preying on small arthropods using a lungeand-snap action of their pincer-like mandibles. In the laboratory’s aquaria, larvae were observed hiding in gravel on the bottom and attacking prey above them (freshly thawed bloodworms Chironomus sp.). This behavior is interpreted as being triggere ...
Perception of an odour that is not real
... Identification indicates intact cortical function as well ► Lesion ...
... Identification indicates intact cortical function as well ► Lesion ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... precisely, we define Hi analogously to its definition for two alternatives (Gold & Shadlen, 2001; 2002), namely; Hi is the hypothesis that xi(t) come from independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) normal distributions with mean μ+ and standard deviation σ, while xj≠i(t) come from i.i.d. normal di ...
... precisely, we define Hi analogously to its definition for two alternatives (Gold & Shadlen, 2001; 2002), namely; Hi is the hypothesis that xi(t) come from independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) normal distributions with mean μ+ and standard deviation σ, while xj≠i(t) come from i.i.d. normal di ...
Social Memory and Nineteenth-Century British Historical Fiction
... force in an individual's life and a community's day-to-day lived experiences, a force that can be used to achieve common purposes or resist common foes. The activation of social memory, though, offers a paradox: on the one hand, individuals are united by a powerful sense of togetherness as understo ...
... force in an individual's life and a community's day-to-day lived experiences, a force that can be used to achieve common purposes or resist common foes. The activation of social memory, though, offers a paradox: on the one hand, individuals are united by a powerful sense of togetherness as understo ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
... footshock elicits a range of automatic, unconditioned fear responses, such as freezing and increased heart rate or blood pressure. After a few tone-shock pairings, the presentation of the CS alone is capable of eliciting a conditioned fear response (CR). In the real world, such stimulus-reinforcer a ...
... footshock elicits a range of automatic, unconditioned fear responses, such as freezing and increased heart rate or blood pressure. After a few tone-shock pairings, the presentation of the CS alone is capable of eliciting a conditioned fear response (CR). In the real world, such stimulus-reinforcer a ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... organization in human frontal cortex using memory-guided response tasks performed at 8 or 12 peripheral locations arranged clockwise around a central fixation point. The tasks required the location of a peripheral target to be remembered for several seconds after which the subjects either made a sac ...
... organization in human frontal cortex using memory-guided response tasks performed at 8 or 12 peripheral locations arranged clockwise around a central fixation point. The tasks required the location of a peripheral target to be remembered for several seconds after which the subjects either made a sac ...
the amygdala and reward
... goal-directed action are mediated by the basolateral complex of the amygdala. Central to the idea of current stimulus–value associations is their intimate connection with the representation of the reward (or, more generally, the goal) itself. Two types of behavioural assay — reinforcer devaluation a ...
... goal-directed action are mediated by the basolateral complex of the amygdala. Central to the idea of current stimulus–value associations is their intimate connection with the representation of the reward (or, more generally, the goal) itself. Two types of behavioural assay — reinforcer devaluation a ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–response learning seems to account for three of the five beha ...
... solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–response learning seems to account for three of the five beha ...
Neuroanatomy of memory
The neuroanatomy of memory encompasses a wide variety of anatomical structures in the brain.