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File - Siegel Science
File - Siegel Science

... in living cells, with glycine as the most abundant.  Sugars, lipids, and some of the building blocks for nucleic acids were also formed.  Since this experiment, other scientists have repeated and extended the research. As a result, all 20 amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and ATP have been ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

... • Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water ...
You Light Up My Life
You Light Up My Life

... 2) RNA is translated to form polypeptide chains, which fold to form proteins ...
The Origin and Early Evolution of Life
The Origin and Early Evolution of Life

... How Did Cells Originate?  In the first 600 million years or so of Earth history, enzymes, ATP, and other crucial organic compounds probably assembled spontaneously ...
chapter 11, 12, 13 practice questions
chapter 11, 12, 13 practice questions

... change? What kind of mutation is this (point mutation or frameshift mutation)? F) Delete the 7th base in the original strand of DNA. How many amino acids are affected in the change? What kind of mutation is this (point mutation or frameshift mutation)? 2. Refer to Figure 11.12 on pg. 300 and describ ...
Nucleotide drug targets
Nucleotide drug targets

... by making the base then the sugar is added. The process starts as HCO3- which has an amino (-NH3+) added from the sidechain of glutamine (and a phosphate from ATP), producing a compound known as carbamoyl phosphate. This reaction is catalysed carbamoyl phosphate synthase (CPSII) of which there are 2 ...
Nucleotide drug targets.
Nucleotide drug targets.

... by making the base then the sugar is added. The process starts as HCO3- which has an amino (-NH3+) added from the sidechain of glutamine (and a phosphate from ATP), producing a compound known as carbamoyl phosphate. This reaction is catalysed carbamoyl phosphate synthase (CPSII) of which there are 2 ...
4TH 6 WEEKS EXAM REVIEW!
4TH 6 WEEKS EXAM REVIEW!

... – Transcription ...
Transcription and Translation Work Sheet:
Transcription and Translation Work Sheet:

... 3) If a second strand of DNA was created (semiconservative replication) using the above strand of DNA as the template, what would the sequence be? (Remember that the two single DNA strands are anti-parallel and held together as complimentary base pairs across the alpha-helix by hydrogen bonds) 4) If ...
Transcription and Translation Work Sheet:
Transcription and Translation Work Sheet:

10-Genes
10-Genes

... A. Gene information is transferred from DNA to an RNA molecule. B. RNAs are processed to remove introns and splice together exons. C. RNA carries the information that directs protein synthesis. D. proteins assume a specific three dimensional shape to become functional 3. Transcription and DNA replic ...
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

... information from DNA to RNA  Step 2- Translation is the process of reading the information on DNA and converting it into the amino acid sequences of the protein  The specific sequence of genes (bases) on DNA directly determine the sequence of RNA, and therefore the types of proteins made ...
amino acid - Humble ISD
amino acid - Humble ISD

... 1. An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bond that is between the nitrogen bases, unzipping DNA. The DNA molecule is unzipped in several places ~ ...
A diet rich in `nucleotides` would include foods
A diet rich in `nucleotides` would include foods

... accredited to Bill Gates, the creator of Microsoft, "DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software ever created." Software is a set of instructions for a new program in a computer, likewise, DNA, contains a set of instructions for the assembly of parts, namely proteins, ...
An_explanation_of_the_pH_scale
An_explanation_of_the_pH_scale

Dna, Protein Synthesis, and gene expression
Dna, Protein Synthesis, and gene expression

...  Guanine (G)  Uracil (U)  Cytosine (C) ...
Core Concept Cheat Sheet
Core Concept Cheat Sheet

... ! Amino acids: Alpha amino-substituted carboxylic acids, the building blocks of proteins. ! Primary structure: A description of the covalent backbone of a poymer, including the sequence of monomeric subunits and any interchain and intrachain covalent bonds. ! Secondary structure: The residue by-resi ...
P450_L8_Structure of the Nucleic Acids
P450_L8_Structure of the Nucleic Acids

... template for a new DNA strand. The base sequences in RNA molecules is copied from the DNA code and carries out other functions such as acting as a messenger or adapter between the “code” and the synthesis of proteins. RNA can also act as an enzyme and has been proposed to be the original “Urgene”. I ...
SI Worksheet 11
SI Worksheet 11

... 7. A sequence of pictures of polypeptides synthesis shows a ribosome holding two transfer RNAs. One tRNA has a polypeptide chain attached to it, the other tRNA has a single amino acid attaches to it. What does the next picture show? a. the polypeptide chain moves over and bonds to the single amino a ...
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis

... DNA directly controls the manufacture of proteins within in a cell through a process called protein synthesis. In this activity your guidance is needed to help this along. You will construct a protein by first reading the DNA creating a strand of mRNA. Next you will follow the mRNA to the ribosome w ...
02 B organic chemistry - macromolecules
02 B organic chemistry - macromolecules

... guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine, and uracil. Hey, that’s 5!... Uses: Information transformation We will have more detail later, when we study DNA replication (making sure that all cells get the same information), Transcription (DNA sequence directing RNA sequence), and Translation (RNA directing ...
Chapter 22
Chapter 22

... Synthesis continues, generating a product in which the 5’ and 3’regions are repeated, giving each end the structure U3-R-U5. Similar strand switching events occur when reverse transcriptase uses the DNA product to generate a complementary strand. Strand switching is an example of the copy choice me ...
164 Study Guide chem
164 Study Guide chem

... Use the following to answer questions the next three (3) questions: a. a string of covalently bonded amino acids b. (CH2O)n c. glycerol + three fatty acids d. sugar⎯phosphate⎯sugar⎯phosphate⎯sugar⎯phosphate⎯ ...
Transcription Worksheet
Transcription Worksheet

... Write the answer to each question in the blank provided. 1. What is the enzyme that is important for the process of transcription?______________________________ 2. In DNA, what is the sugar called?___________________________________________________________ 3. What is a three nucleotide sequence of m ...
Transcription Worksheet
Transcription Worksheet

... Write the answer to each question in the blank provided. 1. What is the enzyme that is important for the process of transcription?______________________________ 2. In DNA, what is the sugar called?___________________________________________________________ 3. What is a three nucleotide sequence of m ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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