Natural and Sexual Selection Giveth and Taketh Away Reproductive
... generations. The rate and magnitude of this divergence were reduced when dispersal rates were high and when female choice did not differ between environments. Adaptive divergence was always coupled to the evolution of two reproductive barriers: viability selection against immigrants and hybrids. Dif ...
... generations. The rate and magnitude of this divergence were reduced when dispersal rates were high and when female choice did not differ between environments. Adaptive divergence was always coupled to the evolution of two reproductive barriers: viability selection against immigrants and hybrids. Dif ...
Effects of shortterm warming on low and high latitude forest ant
... climatic change than those at high latitudes, ecological communities at low latitudes could be more resilient to environmental change because they are generally more diverse (Wittebolle et al. 2009). Yet, because most experimental studies of the effects of warming have been conducted at single sites ...
... climatic change than those at high latitudes, ecological communities at low latitudes could be more resilient to environmental change because they are generally more diverse (Wittebolle et al. 2009). Yet, because most experimental studies of the effects of warming have been conducted at single sites ...
Comparing aquatic and terrestrial grazing ecosystems: is the grass
... In terrestrial ecosystems, the term ‘grazing’ typically refers to the consumption of grasses while ‘browsing’ refers to the consumption of forbs or trees and the more general term ‘herbivory’ refers to consumption of plants in general (McNaughton and Georgiadis 1986). The term ‘grazing ecosystem’ is ...
... In terrestrial ecosystems, the term ‘grazing’ typically refers to the consumption of grasses while ‘browsing’ refers to the consumption of forbs or trees and the more general term ‘herbivory’ refers to consumption of plants in general (McNaughton and Georgiadis 1986). The term ‘grazing ecosystem’ is ...
Evolutionary responses to environmental change: trophic
... from that steady state in response to environmental change. Most theoretical studies consider a single instantaneous perturbation or a fluctuating environment with a constant mean. We consider non-steady-state conditions [9], a linear change in temperature T for a fixed time period, designed to mimi ...
... from that steady state in response to environmental change. Most theoretical studies consider a single instantaneous perturbation or a fluctuating environment with a constant mean. We consider non-steady-state conditions [9], a linear change in temperature T for a fixed time period, designed to mimi ...
Population dynamics in a cyclic environment: consequences of
... breeding (most birds migrate); and (ii) a previous study of Finnish tawny owls has shown that breeding parameters correlate with voles but not with other prey items (Kekkonen et al. 2008). In the other analyses (on reproduction and survival), vole phase was entered as a three-level categorical varia ...
... breeding (most birds migrate); and (ii) a previous study of Finnish tawny owls has shown that breeding parameters correlate with voles but not with other prey items (Kekkonen et al. 2008). In the other analyses (on reproduction and survival), vole phase was entered as a three-level categorical varia ...
Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo)
... ecology of the lion, other than its catholic tastes. These dominant prey species may be the only ones present or may be the most abundant. Alternatively, these data may reflect innate preferences by lions. If two species are equally abundant, why is one preferred? To determine how and why a predator ...
... ecology of the lion, other than its catholic tastes. These dominant prey species may be the only ones present or may be the most abundant. Alternatively, these data may reflect innate preferences by lions. If two species are equally abundant, why is one preferred? To determine how and why a predator ...
Herbivory in arid and semi-arid regions of Argentina
... As I will show later, there are indications There is evidence that the dynamics, sta- that all these factors play a relevant role in bility and resilience of semi-arid ecosystems the vast semi-arid ecosystems of Argentina. (particularly savannas) can be significantly Unfortunately, and because of th ...
... As I will show later, there are indications There is evidence that the dynamics, sta- that all these factors play a relevant role in bility and resilience of semi-arid ecosystems the vast semi-arid ecosystems of Argentina. (particularly savannas) can be significantly Unfortunately, and because of th ...
METABOLISM: Applications for Marine Ecological Studies
... to processes important for survival or reproduction. The basic premise of their use is that adjustments in rates of physiological processes are necessary to bring metabolic demands into alignment with available energy supply. Biochemical indicators of stress are typically components of the cellular ...
... to processes important for survival or reproduction. The basic premise of their use is that adjustments in rates of physiological processes are necessary to bring metabolic demands into alignment with available energy supply. Biochemical indicators of stress are typically components of the cellular ...
Species interaction mechanisms maintain grassland
... predict that equalizing mechanisms, manifest as low CVMB, maintain diversity by reducing asymmetric competition. Additionally, maintenance of diversity may depend on species interactions that are only observable in species mixtures. Another body of theory predicts that diversity is maintained by spe ...
... predict that equalizing mechanisms, manifest as low CVMB, maintain diversity by reducing asymmetric competition. Additionally, maintenance of diversity may depend on species interactions that are only observable in species mixtures. Another body of theory predicts that diversity is maintained by spe ...
now
... Collaboration means that different activities are performed simultaneously by groups of specialized individuals ...
... Collaboration means that different activities are performed simultaneously by groups of specialized individuals ...
Reintroduction of Eurasian beaver to Scotland
... 1. SWT has a vision for the widespread return of the once native Eurasian beaver to Scotland. Beavers are a missing element in our native biodiversity, lost from Scotland due to human persecution and anthropogenic habitat loss and we believe that there is a moral imperative to restore this species. ...
... 1. SWT has a vision for the widespread return of the once native Eurasian beaver to Scotland. Beavers are a missing element in our native biodiversity, lost from Scotland due to human persecution and anthropogenic habitat loss and we believe that there is a moral imperative to restore this species. ...
Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in
... in the ocean. Elucidating the processes by which diversity arises has been a central occupation of biologists since Darwin and Wallace. A complete understanding of diversity also entails investigating why some species survive and others die out, which involves ecology. Thus, research into lineage di ...
... in the ocean. Elucidating the processes by which diversity arises has been a central occupation of biologists since Darwin and Wallace. A complete understanding of diversity also entails investigating why some species survive and others die out, which involves ecology. Thus, research into lineage di ...
as a PDF
... The diversity of bee-pollinated trees is so large that no generalizations can be made with respect to flower morphology or flowering pattern. Bee flowers, especially those that are pollinated by small bees can be relatively small and inconspicuous, and white, pale, or green in color. Flowers pollina ...
... The diversity of bee-pollinated trees is so large that no generalizations can be made with respect to flower morphology or flowering pattern. Bee flowers, especially those that are pollinated by small bees can be relatively small and inconspicuous, and white, pale, or green in color. Flowers pollina ...
Comparing growth patterns among field populations of cereal
... aphids migrate to wheat, around mid-May, from their winter hosts: Rosa spp. (M. dirhodum), different Poaceae (S. avenae) and Prunus padus L. (R. padi). They initially colonize the leaves, and, after flowering, also the ears. Their populations grow and reach their maximum densities, usually in the la ...
... aphids migrate to wheat, around mid-May, from their winter hosts: Rosa spp. (M. dirhodum), different Poaceae (S. avenae) and Prunus padus L. (R. padi). They initially colonize the leaves, and, after flowering, also the ears. Their populations grow and reach their maximum densities, usually in the la ...
Current Understanding of Aerial Insectivore Population Declines in
... attention. These include research that can be applied across many species, as well as questions best addressed for specific focal species. They collectively underscore the need both for re-analyses of existing long-term data and for collection of new data using novel approaches and innovative tools. ...
... attention. These include research that can be applied across many species, as well as questions best addressed for specific focal species. They collectively underscore the need both for re-analyses of existing long-term data and for collection of new data using novel approaches and innovative tools. ...
introduction to biology - San Diego Mesa College
... B) the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data C) two experiments are conducted in parallel, one differing from the other by only one single variable (factor) D) two experiments are conducted in parallel ...
... B) the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data C) two experiments are conducted in parallel, one differing from the other by only one single variable (factor) D) two experiments are conducted in parallel ...
Using Network Analysis to infer impact of climate change on
... happens, A needs to track the distribution of B, under climate change forcing, even if ...
... happens, A needs to track the distribution of B, under climate change forcing, even if ...
Experimental evidence that the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis
... native and the introduced species are either habitat generalists or disturbed habitat specialists in the region (J.R.K., unpublished data). Some species were sampled in the second year but not the first, but these occurred in such low numbers (one or a few workers) that it is not clear whether these ...
... native and the introduced species are either habitat generalists or disturbed habitat specialists in the region (J.R.K., unpublished data). Some species were sampled in the second year but not the first, but these occurred in such low numbers (one or a few workers) that it is not clear whether these ...
introduction to s-systems and the underlying power-law
... is sufficient to represent an enormous range of nonlinear phenomena in nature, as we shall see shortly. These elements are: (1) derivatives, (2) power-law functions, (3) products, and (4) differences. Where did this particular form originate and what is the basis for its justification? THE POWER-LAW ...
... is sufficient to represent an enormous range of nonlinear phenomena in nature, as we shall see shortly. These elements are: (1) derivatives, (2) power-law functions, (3) products, and (4) differences. Where did this particular form originate and what is the basis for its justification? THE POWER-LAW ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.