Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size
... is essential18. Trees have a continuous size development, which modulates their growth19, stand productivity20 and within-community interactions21. A different size implies niche differentiation (both between conspecifics or heterospecifics22) for resource uptake above- and belowground and so it cou ...
... is essential18. Trees have a continuous size development, which modulates their growth19, stand productivity20 and within-community interactions21. A different size implies niche differentiation (both between conspecifics or heterospecifics22) for resource uptake above- and belowground and so it cou ...
The Global Decline of Reptiles, Deja Vu Amphibians
... for an isolated population of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) on a coastal island. The turtle population had no juvenile recruitment, presumably because of constant predation on smaller individuals by alligators (Alligator mis sissippiensis) that had become established on the island; only large a ...
... for an isolated population of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) on a coastal island. The turtle population had no juvenile recruitment, presumably because of constant predation on smaller individuals by alligators (Alligator mis sissippiensis) that had become established on the island; only large a ...
Riparian Habitat Management for Reptiles and Amphibians on
... chemical pollutants, and exposure in high concentrations can result in developmental abnormalities. The growth rates of frogs and toads may be significantly affected by even short-term exposure to acidic conditions, such as may result from acid rain or snow. Reports of declining amphibian population ...
... chemical pollutants, and exposure in high concentrations can result in developmental abnormalities. The growth rates of frogs and toads may be significantly affected by even short-term exposure to acidic conditions, such as may result from acid rain or snow. Reports of declining amphibian population ...
Does diet in Celtic Sea fishes reflect prey availability?
... food and too few high-ranking types compared to an idealized forager for which we would calculate model parameters as if they foraged over the whole environment. In the present study, the validity of optimal foraging theory is not tested, rather it is used as a framework for discussing the trade-off ...
... food and too few high-ranking types compared to an idealized forager for which we would calculate model parameters as if they foraged over the whole environment. In the present study, the validity of optimal foraging theory is not tested, rather it is used as a framework for discussing the trade-off ...
Frog Declines
... species of organisms. Because amphibians generally have a two-staged life cycle consisting of both aquatic (larvae) and terrestrial (adult) phases, they are sensitive to both terrestrial and aquatic environmental effects. Because their skins are highly permeable, they may be more susceptible to toxi ...
... species of organisms. Because amphibians generally have a two-staged life cycle consisting of both aquatic (larvae) and terrestrial (adult) phases, they are sensitive to both terrestrial and aquatic environmental effects. Because their skins are highly permeable, they may be more susceptible to toxi ...
territorial behavior and population regulation in birds
... or uniform pattern of dispersion may occur in the latter situation without recognizable territories. It is consequently not safe to infer the existence of territoriality from dispersion data alone. Theoretically, if the territories were made small enough, all members of the population, regardless of ...
... or uniform pattern of dispersion may occur in the latter situation without recognizable territories. It is consequently not safe to infer the existence of territoriality from dispersion data alone. Theoretically, if the territories were made small enough, all members of the population, regardless of ...
Mesoamerican Reef
... have threatened the reefs, especially coral bleaching, hurricanes and disease outbreaks; all of which may be accentuated by global climate change and thus not entirely natural. Such events are not readily controllable at the local management level, while other human threats are potentially under loc ...
... have threatened the reefs, especially coral bleaching, hurricanes and disease outbreaks; all of which may be accentuated by global climate change and thus not entirely natural. Such events are not readily controllable at the local management level, while other human threats are potentially under loc ...
Untitled - For Studerende
... overall structure of ecological networks by identifying modules within the network and assigns each species with a functional role that describes their structural importance for the network. The topology of complex ecological networks does not have a uniform distribution of interactions among speci ...
... overall structure of ecological networks by identifying modules within the network and assigns each species with a functional role that describes their structural importance for the network. The topology of complex ecological networks does not have a uniform distribution of interactions among speci ...
Community specificity: life and afterlife effects of genes
... Community-level genetic specificity results when individual genotypes or populations of the same species support different communities. Our review of the literature shows that genetic specificity exhibits both life and afterlife effects; it is a widespread phenomenon occurring in diverse taxonomic g ...
... Community-level genetic specificity results when individual genotypes or populations of the same species support different communities. Our review of the literature shows that genetic specificity exhibits both life and afterlife effects; it is a widespread phenomenon occurring in diverse taxonomic g ...
Predicting distributions of species richness and species size in
... habitat and variation in the extent to which this potential can be realized in the accumulated biomass of the resident vegetation, i.e. the proximity to environmental carrying capacity (Taylor et al. 1990). Community biomass or productivity, therefore, is the common currency for measuring the magnit ...
... habitat and variation in the extent to which this potential can be realized in the accumulated biomass of the resident vegetation, i.e. the proximity to environmental carrying capacity (Taylor et al. 1990). Community biomass or productivity, therefore, is the common currency for measuring the magnit ...
Limiting Similarity Revisited
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
Prey specialization and diet of frogs in Borneo
... index compared to the generalist Dicroglossidae. To better reveal differences in frog’s diet in this ecosystem, further studies using larger sample size are needed. ...
... index compared to the generalist Dicroglossidae. To better reveal differences in frog’s diet in this ecosystem, further studies using larger sample size are needed. ...
Alaska WatchList
... In Alaska, we are fortunate to have relatively intact natural ecosystems, and to have state and federal conservation units that protect large portions of the landscape. Birds know nothing about state and national boundaries, however, and migratory species often travel to distant locations where bird ...
... In Alaska, we are fortunate to have relatively intact natural ecosystems, and to have state and federal conservation units that protect large portions of the landscape. Birds know nothing about state and national boundaries, however, and migratory species often travel to distant locations where bird ...
Study finds mimicry increased in scarlet kingsnake snake
... change occurred in a sympatric non-mimetic species or in conspecifics from a region where coral snakes remain abundant. Presumably, more precise mimicry has continued to evolve after model extirpation, because relatively few predator generations have passed, and the fitness costs incurred by predato ...
... change occurred in a sympatric non-mimetic species or in conspecifics from a region where coral snakes remain abundant. Presumably, more precise mimicry has continued to evolve after model extirpation, because relatively few predator generations have passed, and the fitness costs incurred by predato ...
Resource partitioning between ungulate populations in arid
... and a parallel transect 100 m to the west in plain habitat. The 100-m spacing was approximately half the distance between the sampled wadi with the nearest neighboring wadi, that is, equidistant between the closest two wadis, to ensure the plain transects fell in the adjoining interwadi plain for al ...
... and a parallel transect 100 m to the west in plain habitat. The 100-m spacing was approximately half the distance between the sampled wadi with the nearest neighboring wadi, that is, equidistant between the closest two wadis, to ensure the plain transects fell in the adjoining interwadi plain for al ...
Competition
... level where the other species is unable to replace its numbers by reproduction. • Exploitation does not always cause the exclusion of one species. They may coexist, with a decrease in their potential for growth. For this to occur, they must partition the resource. • Interference competition generall ...
... level where the other species is unable to replace its numbers by reproduction. • Exploitation does not always cause the exclusion of one species. They may coexist, with a decrease in their potential for growth. For this to occur, they must partition the resource. • Interference competition generall ...
Annemarie Nagle
... successional stages, various patterns of birth, death, and disturbance, and graded physical conditions. In fact, their definition of climax as a “state [that] is best viewed as the most probable state at any point in an area which has remained in a constant climate without major catastrophe for a lo ...
... successional stages, various patterns of birth, death, and disturbance, and graded physical conditions. In fact, their definition of climax as a “state [that] is best viewed as the most probable state at any point in an area which has remained in a constant climate without major catastrophe for a lo ...
Biogeography and Zoogeography
... Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species. ...
... Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species. ...
Consequences of forest fragmentation for the dynamics of bird
... Indirectly affecting mortality and production through increased carrying capacity of predators, competitors, etc. in the surrounding matrix ...
... Indirectly affecting mortality and production through increased carrying capacity of predators, competitors, etc. in the surrounding matrix ...
Insect Predation, Prey Defense, and Community Structure
... three individuals for each that remains in the environment (approximately an exponential growth rate). The third species reproduces at an intermediate rate of two individuals for each that remains in the population. In the second generation of the exercise, a second prey type becomes poisonous and c ...
... three individuals for each that remains in the environment (approximately an exponential growth rate). The third species reproduces at an intermediate rate of two individuals for each that remains in the population. In the second generation of the exercise, a second prey type becomes poisonous and c ...
The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota
... What controles the community / food web structure? Top-down or bottom-up? (predation or availability of food resources) - Litter enrichment experiments (food, habitat structure, moisture) - Predator exclosure experiments - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to s ...
... What controles the community / food web structure? Top-down or bottom-up? (predation or availability of food resources) - Litter enrichment experiments (food, habitat structure, moisture) - Predator exclosure experiments - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to s ...
living world - Matrix Education
... The smallest level of ecology is the individual organism. The Earth is inhabited by many different types of organisms. Some very are similar to each other, while some are extremely different. Eventually scientists needed a method for classifying different organisms. This is known as taxonomy. ...
... The smallest level of ecology is the individual organism. The Earth is inhabited by many different types of organisms. Some very are similar to each other, while some are extremely different. Eventually scientists needed a method for classifying different organisms. This is known as taxonomy. ...
Predicting Changes in Community Composition and Ecosystem
... Chapin (1993); Chapin et al. (1996) proposed a different approach to NPP, more suitable for analysis of the effect of functional diversity on biogeochemical cycling in natural, species-rich ecosystems. This formulation explicitly incorporates species traits central to plant functioning in a continuo ...
... Chapin (1993); Chapin et al. (1996) proposed a different approach to NPP, more suitable for analysis of the effect of functional diversity on biogeochemical cycling in natural, species-rich ecosystems. This formulation explicitly incorporates species traits central to plant functioning in a continuo ...
How mutualisms between plants and insects are
... sinks, then partner-fidelity feedback is the likely mechanism. This plant response is likely to be a pre-adaptation to tissue damage or altered source–sink dynamics, which might come about by a variety of abnormal factors such as, poorly developing seeds due to self-pollination or other incompatibil ...
... sinks, then partner-fidelity feedback is the likely mechanism. This plant response is likely to be a pre-adaptation to tissue damage or altered source–sink dynamics, which might come about by a variety of abnormal factors such as, poorly developing seeds due to self-pollination or other incompatibil ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.