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Transcript
Lecture 5 Biogeography and Zoogeography & Guest Presentation by Dr. Kris Hundertmark Sept. 22, 2010 1 Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species. Zoogeography = The study of these distributions in animals, including mammals Sept. 22, 2010 2 Sept. 22, 2010 Why are marsupials in only in Australia and the Americas? 3 Why aren’t non-human primates in North America? Or maybe they are? Sept. 22, 2010 4 How has an individual species distribution changed, and why? Sept. 22, 2010 5 Categories of Biogeography • Historical biogeography – emphasizes the study of changes in species ranges that have taken place over evolutionay time. Sept. 22, 2010 • Ecological biogeography – spatial investigation of current distributions and seeks to explain that interaction in terms of community-level interactions. 6 Distribution of Rangifer tarandus CIRCUMBOREAL AND CIRCUMPOLAR Sept. 22, 2010 7 Historical biogeography • Endemism – restriction of a species range to a circumscribed area. Sept. 22, 2010 8 Southeast Alaska Sept. 22, 2010 9 Faunal Regions Based on geographic barriers, geological history, and mammal distribution Sept. 22, 2010 10 Plate tectonics & Continental drift Sept. 22, 2010 11 Sept. 22, 2010 12 Palearctic Families = 42 Endemics = 0 Most species diversity is in the warm wet areas which the palearctic shares with the Ethiopean and Oriental. Bering land bridge? 50% of the species in P are in Nearctic Sept. 22, 2010 13 Nearctic Families = 37 Endemics = 2 Antilocapridae Sept. 22, 2010 Aplodontidae 14 Neotropical Families = 50 Endemics = 22 Sept. 22, 2010 15 Ethiopian Families = 52 Endemics = 20 Sept. 22, 2010 16 Oriental Families = 50 Endemics = 5 Colugos, tree shrews, hog-nosed bats, gibbons, and tarsiers Sept. 22, 2010 17 Australian Families = 28 Endemics = 20 (71%) Sept. 22, 2010 18 Oceanic Mammals that live on islands remote from continents and those that are fully marine Sept. 22, 2010 19 Abiotic Processes Continental Drift Sept. 22, 2010 20 Abiotic Processes Ice Ages Sept. 22, 2010 21 Abiotic Processes Less Severe Climate Change Still Matters • Tipping points – a change of just a few degrees changes everything Sept. 22, 2010 22 Biotic Processes • Dispersal – can increase species richness – Ecological dispersal • An individual moving from its natal area to breed elsewhere. – Species dispersal (biogeographic term) • Passive – hitches a ride • Active – species move by there own locomotion Sept. 22, 2010 23 Biotic processes • Extinction (global) or Extirpation (local) = reduces species richness – Background – incidental loss due to local factors (habitat change, competition, predation). – Mass extinction – catastrophic event Sept. 22, 2010 24 Local extirpations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9skxcC2 MYg • http://www.wolfsongalaska.org/news/Alaska_ current_events_205.htm Sept. 22, 2010 25 Ecogeographic Patterns • • • • • • Island Rule Rapoport’s Rule Bergmann’s Rule Allen’s Rule Gloger’s Rule Other Patterns – Latitudinal and Elevation Gradients Sept. 22, 2010 26 The term “RULE” is used in the loosest sense. There are exceptions in every case and these “RULES” often overgeneralize. Sept. 22, 2010 27 Island rules • Small mammals are bigger (insular gigantism) • Larger mammals are smaller (insular dwarfism) • If food is scarce and you're small, for example, getting bigger can help you travel farther for food and survive longer without eating. If food is scarce and you're large, on the other hand, getting smaller can help you survive on less food. Sept. 22, 2010 28 Rapoport’s Rule • Species ranges in mammals tends to increase from the equator to the poles Sept. 22, 2010 29 Bergmann’s Rule • Body size increases with latitude Sept. 22, 2010 30 Allen’s rule • Animals in colder climates have shorter appendages than their close relatives in warmer climates. – Endothermy? – Overgeneralized? Sept. 22, 2010 31 Gloger’s rule • Mammals with darker colored pelage are in more humid environments. – Humidity? – Snow, ice, and sand Sept. 22, 2010 32 Latitudinal • Species diversity decreases with increasing latitude. Sept. 22, 2010 33 Sept. 22, 2010 34 Elevation • Decrease in species diversity with increase in elevation. Sept. 22, 2010 35