The Red Queen Hypothesis, first introduced by Leigh Van
... paralyzed prey in its burrow to provide food for its grubs (Wooldridge, 1965, pp. 82-84). There is, therefore, no a priori reason to assume that escape behaviors would not also depend, at least in part, on reflexive, innate neural control. Bolles (1970) has argued convincingly in favor of species-sp ...
... paralyzed prey in its burrow to provide food for its grubs (Wooldridge, 1965, pp. 82-84). There is, therefore, no a priori reason to assume that escape behaviors would not also depend, at least in part, on reflexive, innate neural control. Bolles (1970) has argued convincingly in favor of species-sp ...
Assessing ecological specialization of an ant–seed dispersal
... Abstract. Specialization in species interactions is of central importance for understanding the ecological structure and evolution of plant–animal mutualisms. Most plant–animal mutualisms are facultative and strongly asymmetric. In particular, myrmecochory (seed dispersal by ants) has been regarded ...
... Abstract. Specialization in species interactions is of central importance for understanding the ecological structure and evolution of plant–animal mutualisms. Most plant–animal mutualisms are facultative and strongly asymmetric. In particular, myrmecochory (seed dispersal by ants) has been regarded ...
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
... – Lab experiments give researchers more control. – Lab experiments are not reflective of the complex interactions in nature. – Field experiments give a more accurate picture of natural interactions. – Field experiments may not help determine actual cause and effect. ...
... – Lab experiments give researchers more control. – Lab experiments are not reflective of the complex interactions in nature. – Field experiments give a more accurate picture of natural interactions. – Field experiments may not help determine actual cause and effect. ...
Diet of feral cats Felis catus L., 1758 on Santa Luzia, Cape Verde
... individuals not identified at the species level). Only one bird species, iago sparrow Passer iagoensis, and one unidentified Tettigoniidae (Insecta) species made up the remainder of the feral cat diet on Santa Luzia (Table 1). On oceanic islands where other mammal species (usually mice, rats and rab ...
... individuals not identified at the species level). Only one bird species, iago sparrow Passer iagoensis, and one unidentified Tettigoniidae (Insecta) species made up the remainder of the feral cat diet on Santa Luzia (Table 1). On oceanic islands where other mammal species (usually mice, rats and rab ...
Temporal Niche
... the boundaries of flowering times are bound by observed data and randomizations all occur within those boundaries, they are biased towards ‘lowoverlap’ patterns • Note: most simulations have detected random or aggregated patterns ...
... the boundaries of flowering times are bound by observed data and randomizations all occur within those boundaries, they are biased towards ‘lowoverlap’ patterns • Note: most simulations have detected random or aggregated patterns ...
frogwatch teachers` guide to frogs as indicators of
... i) Natural factors: dispersal, carrying capacity, extinction ii) Human factors: invasive species, ecosystem change, species interactions iii) Food chains and pyramids: predator and prey, ecological niche, trophic level, biomass, taxonomy Each topic includes introductory information and in some cases ...
... i) Natural factors: dispersal, carrying capacity, extinction ii) Human factors: invasive species, ecosystem change, species interactions iii) Food chains and pyramids: predator and prey, ecological niche, trophic level, biomass, taxonomy Each topic includes introductory information and in some cases ...
Effect of Predator-Prey Phylogenetic Similarity on the Fitness
... according to when it was eaten (i.e., first [=1], second [=2], or third [=3]). If predation were random with respect to species identity (my null hypothesis), then the mean rank of each prey species across all trials would be 2 (= [1 1 2 1 3]/3). Thus, for each predator species, I used a two-tailed ...
... according to when it was eaten (i.e., first [=1], second [=2], or third [=3]). If predation were random with respect to species identity (my null hypothesis), then the mean rank of each prey species across all trials would be 2 (= [1 1 2 1 3]/3). Thus, for each predator species, I used a two-tailed ...
AP Mid-Term Exam Review
... 5. Describe tragedy of the commons and give an example. 6. Know the difference between recycling and reusing. 7. Know the difference between point source and non-point source of pollution and the difference between pollution prevention (input control) and pollution clean-up (output control). Give ex ...
... 5. Describe tragedy of the commons and give an example. 6. Know the difference between recycling and reusing. 7. Know the difference between point source and non-point source of pollution and the difference between pollution prevention (input control) and pollution clean-up (output control). Give ex ...
Food web structure affects the extinction risk of species in ecological
... include intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors such as environmental noise, but without considering other species that the species may interact with (e.g. Lande, 1993; Heino et al., 2000; Ripa and Lundberg, 2000; Jonsson and Ebenman, 2001). Studies of extinction risk in multispecies models are few (but ...
... include intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors such as environmental noise, but without considering other species that the species may interact with (e.g. Lande, 1993; Heino et al., 2000; Ripa and Lundberg, 2000; Jonsson and Ebenman, 2001). Studies of extinction risk in multispecies models are few (but ...
Natural Selection and Adaptation
... and contemporary evolutionary theory, the weaver ants’ behavior has the appearance of design because among many random genetic variations (mutations) affecting the behavior of an ancestral ant species, those displayed by Oecophylla enhanced survival and reproduction under its particular ecological c ...
... and contemporary evolutionary theory, the weaver ants’ behavior has the appearance of design because among many random genetic variations (mutations) affecting the behavior of an ancestral ant species, those displayed by Oecophylla enhanced survival and reproduction under its particular ecological c ...
competition for hummingbird pollination shapes flower color
... and Dunalia obovata), we used data from a previous study (Smith et al. 2008a), in which the reflectance spectra were measured with field equipment not accurate below 375 nm. In these cases, we used data from 300 to 375 nm from a closely related species with similar color (and a similar reflectance s ...
... and Dunalia obovata), we used data from a previous study (Smith et al. 2008a), in which the reflectance spectra were measured with field equipment not accurate below 375 nm. In these cases, we used data from 300 to 375 nm from a closely related species with similar color (and a similar reflectance s ...
SALCC indicator recommendations
... Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuary Partnership) ● Phone interviews with 18 local experts ● Integration of all feedback and final recommendations by the 20 members of the selection team Indicator recommendations are based on the ecological, practical, and social cr ...
... Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuary Partnership) ● Phone interviews with 18 local experts ● Integration of all feedback and final recommendations by the 20 members of the selection team Indicator recommendations are based on the ecological, practical, and social cr ...
Natural Selection and Adaptation
... and contemporary evolutionary theory, the weaver ants’ behavior has the appearance of design because among many random genetic variations (mutations) affecting the behavior of an ancestral ant species, those displayed by Oecophylla enhanced survival and reproduction under its particular ecological c ...
... and contemporary evolutionary theory, the weaver ants’ behavior has the appearance of design because among many random genetic variations (mutations) affecting the behavior of an ancestral ant species, those displayed by Oecophylla enhanced survival and reproduction under its particular ecological c ...
Leaf-level nitrogen-use efficiency of canopy and understorey
... different irradiances in a monospecific stand of Xanthium canadense. They demonstrated that larger individuals used N more efficiently (greater above-ground NUE) with higher above-ground NP and longer above-ground MRT than smaller plants. Although Hikosaka & Hirose (2001) showed that light influence ...
... different irradiances in a monospecific stand of Xanthium canadense. They demonstrated that larger individuals used N more efficiently (greater above-ground NUE) with higher above-ground NP and longer above-ground MRT than smaller plants. Although Hikosaka & Hirose (2001) showed that light influence ...
Conservation status of Powerful Owl in New South Wales
... There is no evidence of extreme fluctuations in population size or habitat of the Powerful Owl. Population reduction and continuing declines: The Powerful Owl is inferred to have declined as a result of clearing of forest (Higgins 1999; DEC 2006). While there is no evidence that it is continuing to ...
... There is no evidence of extreme fluctuations in population size or habitat of the Powerful Owl. Population reduction and continuing declines: The Powerful Owl is inferred to have declined as a result of clearing of forest (Higgins 1999; DEC 2006). While there is no evidence that it is continuing to ...
Enhancing management effectiveness of invasive
... remains have been found in the stomachs of Nassau and tiger groupers (Maljković et al., 2008), and while Mumby et al. (2011) purport possible biocontrol of lionfish by grouper in no-take marine reserves, Hackerott et al. (2013) and Valdivia et al. (2014) found no such relationship. Hence, 30 years af ...
... remains have been found in the stomachs of Nassau and tiger groupers (Maljković et al., 2008), and while Mumby et al. (2011) purport possible biocontrol of lionfish by grouper in no-take marine reserves, Hackerott et al. (2013) and Valdivia et al. (2014) found no such relationship. Hence, 30 years af ...
Liana cooccurrence patterns in a temperate rainforest
... than vertical differences in distribution. However, in both instances, differences in distribution would promote negative co-occurrence patterns. All data were transformed to meet normality assumptions when required and all analyses were conducted using the R environment. ...
... than vertical differences in distribution. However, in both instances, differences in distribution would promote negative co-occurrence patterns. All data were transformed to meet normality assumptions when required and all analyses were conducted using the R environment. ...
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The... copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research
... where the posterior distribution reflects our beliefs on the levels of the process and parameters after the data updating, which can be thought of as the product of the data model, specifying the dependence of the observed data on the process of interest and parameters, with the process model, descri ...
... where the posterior distribution reflects our beliefs on the levels of the process and parameters after the data updating, which can be thought of as the product of the data model, specifying the dependence of the observed data on the process of interest and parameters, with the process model, descri ...
Crowned eagles rarely prey on livestock in central
... 2008, Chebez et al. 2008) and is currently considered extinct in Uruguay, where it has not been reported since 1930 (Alvarez 1933). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed it as a Vulnerable species until 2004, when it was placed in the Endangered category. The world pop ...
... 2008, Chebez et al. 2008) and is currently considered extinct in Uruguay, where it has not been reported since 1930 (Alvarez 1933). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed it as a Vulnerable species until 2004, when it was placed in the Endangered category. The world pop ...
The role of environmental generalist species in ecosystem function
... We constructed a Lotka–Volterra-like competition model to study the role of environmental generalists in maintaining ecosystem function under a range of species richnesses and environmental conditions. Ecosystem function was quantified as community biomass, proportion of initial species that coexist ...
... We constructed a Lotka–Volterra-like competition model to study the role of environmental generalists in maintaining ecosystem function under a range of species richnesses and environmental conditions. Ecosystem function was quantified as community biomass, proportion of initial species that coexist ...
Deep-sea ecosystem: a world of positive biodiversity – ecosystem
... However, not all studies report the same general trend, and conflicting results have been described ...
... However, not all studies report the same general trend, and conflicting results have been described ...
COMPETITION FOR HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION SHAPES
... and Dunalia obovata), we used data from a previous study (Smith et al. 2008a), in which the reflectance spectra were measured with field equipment not accurate below 375 nm. In these cases, we used data from 300 to 375 nm from a closely related species with similar color (and a similar reflectance s ...
... and Dunalia obovata), we used data from a previous study (Smith et al. 2008a), in which the reflectance spectra were measured with field equipment not accurate below 375 nm. In these cases, we used data from 300 to 375 nm from a closely related species with similar color (and a similar reflectance s ...
Commensalism
... A. They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water. B. They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm. C. They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight. D. They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores. ...
... A. They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water. B. They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm. C. They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight. D. They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores. ...
The effect of human disturbance on the local distribution of American
... Virzi, T. 2010. The effect of human disturbance on the local distribution of American Oystercatchers breeding on barrier island beaches. Wader Study Group Bull. 117(1): 19–26. Keywords: American Oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus, classification and regression trees, maximum entropy modeling, rando ...
... Virzi, T. 2010. The effect of human disturbance on the local distribution of American Oystercatchers breeding on barrier island beaches. Wader Study Group Bull. 117(1): 19–26. Keywords: American Oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus, classification and regression trees, maximum entropy modeling, rando ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.