Download AP Mid-Term Exam Review

AP Mid-Term Exam Review
Ch. 1
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. Know the difference between natural capital and solar capital and what each
provides. What does it mean to live sustainably?
2. Know the difference between developing and developed countries in terms of
growth, economic growth and development and living standards.
3. Know the difference between perpetual, renewable, and nonrenewable
resources and be able to give examples.
4. Know the difference between using renewable resources in a sustainable
manner and when environmental degradation occurs. Give an example. When
would a renewable resource be economically depleted?
5. Describe tragedy of the commons and give an example.
6. Know the difference between recycling and reusing.
7. Know the difference between point source and non-point source of pollution
and the difference between pollution prevention (input control) and pollution
clean-up (output control). Give examples of all.
8. Review the Major Environmental Problems on p. 12, fig. 1-9.
9. Why does poverty beget environmental degradation?
10. Review the Solutions chart on p. 18, fig. 1-16.
Ch. 2
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. How can you characterize the Agricultural Revolution? Describe the
following: Slash and burn cultivation and shifting cultivation
2. How can you characterize the Industrial-Medical Revolution?
Ch. 3
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. Know the scientific process and be able to pick out independent and
dependent variables and be able to write a hypothesis.
2. Give an example of a positive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop.
Understand time delays and synergistic interactions.
3. Know the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. What is the difference
between a high throughput economy and a low throughput economy? What
type fits the US best? How can this be changed?
Ch. 4
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. Know the levels of organization in ecology and their definitions.
2. What are the 3 interconnecting factors that all life depends on?
3. What is a range of tolerance? What are limiting factors and what is
dissolved oxygen (DO)?
4. Know the types organisms at each trophic level in a food web. Know where
decomposers and detritus feeders and scavengers fit.
5. Know how biodiversity emerges in a population as well as the 4 kinds of
biodiversity.
6. Know how energy flows in a food chain and why only 10% of the energy is
transferred from one trophic level to the next.
7. Know the pyramids of energy, biomass, and numbers.
8. Know which ecosystems have the highest and lowest NPP. p. 72 fig 4-24.
Why is this so?
9. Why is soil important and how does it form? Which layer is the most
nutrient rich and why?
10. What is the difference between infiltration and leaching?
11. Know the particles that make up soil and which is finest and which is the
most coarse. Know the difference between soil porosity and soil
permeability. Know which soils are more porous and which are more
permeable; which ones hold more water and why.
12. Know the biogeochemical cycles: Water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,
phosphorus cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Know the storehouses and know how
man is affecting these cycles.
Ch. 5
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. What is evolution? What is natural selection and how does it bring about the
evolution of a species? What causes the raw materials for evolution?
2. Know the types of natural selection: stabilizing, directional, disruptive
(diversifying). Give examples.
3. Know the types of evolution: coevolution, convergent and divergent. Give
examples.
4. What is a niche? Realized and fundamental niche? What is the difference
between a generalist and a specialist? Give examples.
5. What does the term “fitness” mean in terms of natural selection?
6. Know what speciation is and the mechanisms that cause this: Geographic
isolation and Reproductive isolation. How do these mechanisms cause
speciation?
7. What is extinction?
8. What is artificial selection and how are genetically modified organisms
produced (GMO’s)? What are the advantages and disadvantages of GMO’s?
Ch. 6
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. What is the difference between weather and climate? What are the 2 most
important factors in determining climate?
2. Where do you find deserts? What is an upwelling?
3. Explain how the natural greenhouse works and what gases naturally make up
this layer? How has human activity affected this layer and what gases are
increases the most rapidly?
4. What is the rain shadow effect and where does it form?
5. What 4 things determine a biome and which it the most limiting factor that
controls the vegetative character of a biome?
6. How do biomes change as you go up in latitude and up in altitude?
7. What type of tree makes up the rainforest? Where are you most likely to
find broad-leafed deciduous trees? A coniferous forest? Lichens and
mosses? Succulents? Grasses with few shrubs? Permafrost?
8. Where do most grasslands form? Describe a chaparral.
9. Which mode of pollination would you least expect to find in a tropical rain
forest?
10. What mammal dominates in the deciduous forest?
11. Read through the Natural capital degradation of deserts (p. 115), Grasslands
(P. 120), forest (p. 125) and mountains (p. 126).
Ch. 7
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. What is the difference between nekton organisms and benthos organisms?
Give examples.
2. Population of organisms living in aquatic life zones may be limited by what
factors? (p. 129-130)
3. Know what makes up the coastal zone and the open ocean. Know the types of
organisms that can be found in each zone.
4. Know the importance of coastal wetlands and the services they provide.
What are barrier islands? Where do they form and what service do they
provide? Where do coral reefs form and what service do they provide?
5. What zone in the ocean has the highest NPP on a unit of area basis? The
lowest? Which zone in the open ocean contains the most photosynthetic
organisms?
6. Read through the natural capital degradation - marine ecosystems and coral
reefs on p. 137
7. Read through the natural capital -freshwater systems on p. 138.
8. Know the zones of a lake and the organisms that live in each. What is the
limiting factor for the producers in a lake zones?
9. What is a drainage basin? Know the zones of a river and be able to describe
the character of the river in these zones and the types of organisms that
can be found in each.
10. What service do inland wetlands provide? How are they degraded?
Ch. 8
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. What is the difference between species richness and species evenness that
makes up the biodiversity in a community?
2. Where is most of the world’s biodiversity?
3. Know the difference between the types of species and give examples of
each: native, nonnative, invasive, indicator, keystone, foundation
4. Know the difference between the types of symbiotic relationships: interspecific competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism and commensalisms.
5. Know ways to reduce competition: interference competition (territories),
exploitation competition (competitive exclusion), resource partitioning,
character displacement.
6. Know how natural selection has benefited the predator and the prey.
7. Understand the difference between primary and secondary succession.
Ch. 9
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. What is the most common pattern of population dispersion found in nature?
Why?
2. What is the difference between biotic potential and environmental
resistance? How do they affect each other? What factors increase biotic
potential? (fig. 9-3 p. 165) What is the carrying capacity?
3. Understand the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth.
4. Understand what happens if the population grows so fast that it overshoots
the carrying capacity and what could happen. When would a population crash
after an overshoot?
5. What are some density dependent limiting factors that will cause a
population to slow its growth? What are density independent limiting
factors?
6. What’s the difference between r-selected and K-selected species? What is
the relationship between their survivorship curves?
7. When did TFR in the US reach a peak and why?
8. What are indicators of overall health in a country or region?
9. What determines how fast a population grows?
Ch. 11, 12, and 13
Review the vocabulary for these chapters using the link on my webpage under
special links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. Describe old growth forests and what threatens them.
2. What is clear-cutting of a forest and what can happen as a result? What is
the best and cheapest way to protect trees from insects and diseases?
3. What is the greatest threat to most species?
4. What problems are created from habitat fragmentation?
5. How can Japanese kudzu vine be used to our advantage?
6. How are endangered or threatened animals protected in the US?
Ch. 14
Review the vocabulary for this chapter using the link on my webpage under special
links. You can also go through the pre and post tests here as well.
1. What foods make up half of the calories that humans consume? Meat and
animal products for human consumption come from how many domesticated
animal species?
2. Describe industrialized agriculture, plantation agriculture, traditional
subsistence agriculture, traditional intensive agriculture.
3. What was the second green revolution and what did it produce? Describe
the plants of this revolution.
4. Know the difference between these growing techniques: Polyvarietal
cultivation, intercropping, agroforestry, polyculture, and tassas,
5. What causes most of the soil erosion. Which human activities contribute to
soil erosion? Where is erosion occurring the fastest in the US? Know the
types of farming techniques. What farming techniques decrease erosion?
Which technique also increases fertility? What is the greatest source of
water pollution?
6. What is desertification and what practices lead to desertification?
7. What is soil salinization and what causes it and what affect does it have?
8. What problems can come from irrigation?
9. What is the difference between undernutrition and malnutrition and
overnutrition? What is Marasmus? Kwashiorkor?
10. Know the function of these and why they are important to give to children in
developing countries: Vitamin A, Iron, Iodine
11. Which activity causes more pollution and environmental degradation than any
other human activity? Which plant is called the “supermarket on a stalk”?
12. What are the advantages of genetically modified foods?
13. What is overgrazing and what are its effects? What is the major goal of
range management?
14. What is riparian vegetation? What is its function and how can it be
degraded?
15. What is the difference between fish farming and fish ranching and what
fish is raised by fish ranching? What are the advantages and disadvantages
of aquaculture? In developed countries who primarily benefits from
aquaculture?
16. What are 3 ways that agriculture can be more sustainable? Also read
through figure 14-29 on p. 302.