The importance of coarse woody debris for bryophyte vegetation of
... content, these are the first colonisation places of insects and fungi, and their decay is fast. The outer bark and the heartwood have a high lignin and extract material content and they resist decay relatively long. The time of decay depends considerably on log diameter, because in the case of larg ...
... content, these are the first colonisation places of insects and fungi, and their decay is fast. The outer bark and the heartwood have a high lignin and extract material content and they resist decay relatively long. The time of decay depends considerably on log diameter, because in the case of larg ...
modeling the impact of edge avoidance on avian nest
... this proximate spacing rule rather than overall nest density or amount of exclusive area in determining where they should nest and if they should nest within our homogeneous patches. Lokemoen et al. (1984), for example, found fairly regular spacing among Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) nests at very hi ...
... this proximate spacing rule rather than overall nest density or amount of exclusive area in determining where they should nest and if they should nest within our homogeneous patches. Lokemoen et al. (1984), for example, found fairly regular spacing among Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) nests at very hi ...
Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity
... trophic levels, and energy flow through the food web, are highest where intensities of predation are intermediate at all trophic levels (Kitchell 1980). Although this simple conceptual model is heuristically useful, real ecosystems exhibit nonequilibrium dynamics that result from different life hist ...
... trophic levels, and energy flow through the food web, are highest where intensities of predation are intermediate at all trophic levels (Kitchell 1980). Although this simple conceptual model is heuristically useful, real ecosystems exhibit nonequilibrium dynamics that result from different life hist ...
Natural selection
... An animal must survive, compete, find a home and mates, and produce offspring These abilities are improved through natural selection “The fittest” suggests that the most physically fit, strongest, and aggressive individuals dominate all others In an evolutionary sense, fitness describes the ...
... An animal must survive, compete, find a home and mates, and produce offspring These abilities are improved through natural selection “The fittest” suggests that the most physically fit, strongest, and aggressive individuals dominate all others In an evolutionary sense, fitness describes the ...
Predator cues reduce American beaver use of foraging trails
... terrestrial foraging trails by beavers during food cache construction in Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan, from September to November 2008. Two foraging trails at 15 colonies (30 total trails) were monitored for 1 week to establish baseline use. One trail from each colony was then treated wi ...
... terrestrial foraging trails by beavers during food cache construction in Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan, from September to November 2008. Two foraging trails at 15 colonies (30 total trails) were monitored for 1 week to establish baseline use. One trail from each colony was then treated wi ...
The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in
... commonly used terms, representing 34% and 31%, respectively, of occurrences during the 20-year period (table 1; Gilliam and Roberts 2003b). They also found that “herbaceous layer” or “herb layer” was more commonly used in North American studies, whereas “ground vegetation” was more typically used in ...
... commonly used terms, representing 34% and 31%, respectively, of occurrences during the 20-year period (table 1; Gilliam and Roberts 2003b). They also found that “herbaceous layer” or “herb layer” was more commonly used in North American studies, whereas “ground vegetation” was more typically used in ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (Simms 2000). The gradients in this study were the multivariate environmental gradient associated with the range boundary in the field, and the specific gradient represented by the change in neighboring plant community structure across the range boundary. Genetic variation in stress tolerance could ...
... (Simms 2000). The gradients in this study were the multivariate environmental gradient associated with the range boundary in the field, and the specific gradient represented by the change in neighboring plant community structure across the range boundary. Genetic variation in stress tolerance could ...
Effects of Enrichment on Simple Aquatic Food Webs.
... long tradition in ecology due to the relatively simple mathematics involved. Such models have been extended to ecosystems to describe trophic-level biomass in food chains of systems at equilibrium, assuming that trophic levels act as populations (Fretwell 1977; Oksanen et al. 1981; Oksanen 1988). Mo ...
... long tradition in ecology due to the relatively simple mathematics involved. Such models have been extended to ecosystems to describe trophic-level biomass in food chains of systems at equilibrium, assuming that trophic levels act as populations (Fretwell 1977; Oksanen et al. 1981; Oksanen 1988). Mo ...
Curriculum Vitae
... basis of geographic variation in rates of embryonic development within a widespread lizard species. American Naturalist 176: 522-528. ** Featured in the New York Times 38) Langkilde T. and †Boronow K.E. 2010. Color as a signal: the relationship between coloration and morphology in male eastern fence ...
... basis of geographic variation in rates of embryonic development within a widespread lizard species. American Naturalist 176: 522-528. ** Featured in the New York Times 38) Langkilde T. and †Boronow K.E. 2010. Color as a signal: the relationship between coloration and morphology in male eastern fence ...
Behavioral Interactions Among Four Species of the Salamander
... of D. monticola became more active and avoided the preferred substrate of D. quadramaculatus when confined with that species. Juveniles of D. monticola became less active but also avoided preferred substrates of the larger D. quadramaculatus. In 1-m2 arenas with four cover objects, small individuals ...
... of D. monticola became more active and avoided the preferred substrate of D. quadramaculatus when confined with that species. Juveniles of D. monticola became less active but also avoided preferred substrates of the larger D. quadramaculatus. In 1-m2 arenas with four cover objects, small individuals ...
This article was originally published in a journal
... on artificial substrates may lead to a higher abundance of exotic species on artificial substrate types. If native and exotic species are equally non-discriminating in their choices for settlement substrate, or if the environment is saturated with larvae, there may be few initial differences in sett ...
... on artificial substrates may lead to a higher abundance of exotic species on artificial substrate types. If native and exotic species are equally non-discriminating in their choices for settlement substrate, or if the environment is saturated with larvae, there may be few initial differences in sett ...
Reducing Livestock Effects on Public Lands in the Western United
... livestock from western rangelands.’’ These position statements, however, as well as those of the Society for Conservation Biology (Fleischner et al. 1994), conclude that public-land grazing impacts need to be dramatically reduced to allow recovery of degraded ecosystems—an explicit recommendation of ...
... livestock from western rangelands.’’ These position statements, however, as well as those of the Society for Conservation Biology (Fleischner et al. 1994), conclude that public-land grazing impacts need to be dramatically reduced to allow recovery of degraded ecosystems—an explicit recommendation of ...
Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization
... the invader. The growing literature of urban impacts on biological communities documents many specific examples of all three variables providing niche opportunities for non-native species. Synanthropic species, those that are most strongly associated with humans and highly urbanized areas. Examples ...
... the invader. The growing literature of urban impacts on biological communities documents many specific examples of all three variables providing niche opportunities for non-native species. Synanthropic species, those that are most strongly associated with humans and highly urbanized areas. Examples ...
Fundamental and realized niches of two chrysomelid
... (Verbenaceae) in South Africa in 1970s and 2001, respectively. In 2005, the population of O. camarae was increasing whereas the population of U. girardi was declining, which indicates a negative interaction between the two agents (April et al. 2011). Lawton and Strong (1981) and Strong et al. (1984) ...
... (Verbenaceae) in South Africa in 1970s and 2001, respectively. In 2005, the population of O. camarae was increasing whereas the population of U. girardi was declining, which indicates a negative interaction between the two agents (April et al. 2011). Lawton and Strong (1981) and Strong et al. (1984) ...
Ecology review
... are not as great, but natality is still higher so population continues to grow, but at a slower rate. • Food is no longer as abundant due to the increase in the population size. May also be increase predation and disease. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai ...
... are not as great, but natality is still higher so population continues to grow, but at a slower rate. • Food is no longer as abundant due to the increase in the population size. May also be increase predation and disease. Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai ...
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Analysis of Multifactorial Land
... natural communities. Kidwell and Behrensmeyer (1993) showed that the time span represented in any fossil assem blage may vary over many orders of magnitude. The more a fossil assemblage is attritional, the higher the probability is that it is an artificial combination of communities from dis tinc ...
... natural communities. Kidwell and Behrensmeyer (1993) showed that the time span represented in any fossil assem blage may vary over many orders of magnitude. The more a fossil assemblage is attritional, the higher the probability is that it is an artificial combination of communities from dis tinc ...
Disturbance and distributions: avoiding exclusion in a warming world
... ABSTRACT. I highlight how disturbance determines species distributions and the implications for conservation practice. In particular, I describe opportunities to mitigate some of the threats to species resulting from climate change. Ecological theory shows that disturbance processes can often slow o ...
... ABSTRACT. I highlight how disturbance determines species distributions and the implications for conservation practice. In particular, I describe opportunities to mitigate some of the threats to species resulting from climate change. Ecological theory shows that disturbance processes can often slow o ...
ecosystem - CARNES AP BIO
... in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact • Ecosystems can range in size, but regardless of an ecosystem’s size, its dynamics involve two main processes: energy flow and chemical cycling • Energy flows through ecosystems (IN ONE DIRECTION) while matter cycles within the ...
... in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact • Ecosystems can range in size, but regardless of an ecosystem’s size, its dynamics involve two main processes: energy flow and chemical cycling • Energy flows through ecosystems (IN ONE DIRECTION) while matter cycles within the ...
Mimicry.notes1
... concludes: “No new type is created by selection. It merely selects a pre-existing variation, and eventually disentangles it from others with which it was mixed up.” Mutations may be “large” or “small” but this merely records “ocular sense impressions” (i.e., changes in physical appearance) it says n ...
... concludes: “No new type is created by selection. It merely selects a pre-existing variation, and eventually disentangles it from others with which it was mixed up.” Mutations may be “large” or “small” but this merely records “ocular sense impressions” (i.e., changes in physical appearance) it says n ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AND
... Figure 1. Temperature Variation in Tide Pools Located throughout the Intertidal. The average temperature of the four zones for the three different trips in 2012. The temperature dropped every month. The general temperature pattern was that the greatest differences are at high zones and it gradually ...
... Figure 1. Temperature Variation in Tide Pools Located throughout the Intertidal. The average temperature of the four zones for the three different trips in 2012. The temperature dropped every month. The general temperature pattern was that the greatest differences are at high zones and it gradually ...
Principles and Concepts of Pest Management, In
... enemies and other factors. Knowledge of the role of the principle elements of the units is essential to an understanding of population phenomenon. The study of individuals is of prime importance, their biology behaviour response to other members of the same species and to other organisms and to biot ...
... enemies and other factors. Knowledge of the role of the principle elements of the units is essential to an understanding of population phenomenon. The study of individuals is of prime importance, their biology behaviour response to other members of the same species and to other organisms and to biot ...
Population dynamic theory of size
... 1) contains a range of interesting implications of cannibalism for population dynamics. However, a comprehensive overview of the emerged ecological theory is lacking. Our aim is to identify the potential ecological consequences of cannibalism and to relate them to four defining aspects of cannibalis ...
... 1) contains a range of interesting implications of cannibalism for population dynamics. However, a comprehensive overview of the emerged ecological theory is lacking. Our aim is to identify the potential ecological consequences of cannibalism and to relate them to four defining aspects of cannibalis ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.