The Lacandon Jungle Bulwark of Biodiversity - Revistas
... from the Atlantic about 3 million years ago. This made it possible for Amazonian species to continue their colonization northward and for North American species to colonize South America at the same time. This caused many changes in both fauna: many species became extinct because they could not ...
... from the Atlantic about 3 million years ago. This made it possible for Amazonian species to continue their colonization northward and for North American species to colonize South America at the same time. This caused many changes in both fauna: many species became extinct because they could not ...
Invasion of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the rise of the boreal
... 20th century. The rest of the sites have a lower number of pollen samples analysed from the top sediment section and their modern PAR values were defined as the average of the last 150 years. This time period was chosen due to the fact that the age–depth model used for ...
... 20th century. The rest of the sites have a lower number of pollen samples analysed from the top sediment section and their modern PAR values were defined as the average of the last 150 years. This time period was chosen due to the fact that the age–depth model used for ...
Interspecific information transfer influences animal community
... mammals [36]. Mixed-taxa groups can be found as well, such as groups of hornbills and mongooses in Africa [37]. Such stable groups can be mobile (e.g. flocks or herds), or can stay in one place (e.g. colonies or roosts). There are several potential information benefits to joining mixedspecies groups ...
... mammals [36]. Mixed-taxa groups can be found as well, such as groups of hornbills and mongooses in Africa [37]. Such stable groups can be mobile (e.g. flocks or herds), or can stay in one place (e.g. colonies or roosts). There are several potential information benefits to joining mixedspecies groups ...
Ways organisms interact - Franklin County Public Schools
... A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve. Fewer predators mean prey population will increase. Increase in prey means more food for predators. Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . . and the cycle repeats itself. ...
... A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve. Fewer predators mean prey population will increase. Increase in prey means more food for predators. Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . . and the cycle repeats itself. ...
Maintaining biological diversity in ocean areas outside
... threatening. A defining characteristic of deep-sea fish is low productivity, so depletion of such species is highly unsustainable seeing as they cannot reproduce as much as humans exploit. Another widely performed yet unsustainable form of fishing is trawling. The steam-powered trawler, first introd ...
... threatening. A defining characteristic of deep-sea fish is low productivity, so depletion of such species is highly unsustainable seeing as they cannot reproduce as much as humans exploit. Another widely performed yet unsustainable form of fishing is trawling. The steam-powered trawler, first introd ...
Interactions of components of habitats alter composition and
... McGuinness & Underwood 1986; Jenkins, WalkerSmith & Hamer 2002; Healey & Hovel 2004). McGuinness & Underwood (1986) showed that the diversity of structural components did not always increase the diversity of organisms colonizing intertidal boulders. McCoy & Bell (1991) provided a model of the two ma ...
... McGuinness & Underwood 1986; Jenkins, WalkerSmith & Hamer 2002; Healey & Hovel 2004). McGuinness & Underwood (1986) showed that the diversity of structural components did not always increase the diversity of organisms colonizing intertidal boulders. McCoy & Bell (1991) provided a model of the two ma ...
The relationships between net primary productivity, human
... To calculate human population density surrounding each park, the buffer function in ARC/GIS was used to delineate a 50-km wide zone around each reserve. Human population density per ha was then calculated within this zone using the census data (see above). A 50-km buffer was chosen so the results o ...
... To calculate human population density surrounding each park, the buffer function in ARC/GIS was used to delineate a 50-km wide zone around each reserve. Human population density per ha was then calculated within this zone using the census data (see above). A 50-km buffer was chosen so the results o ...
Towards Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management in the California
... management. By the 1980s, responding to the need for EBFM, the National Marine Fisheries Service initiated several large-scale data collection and modeling projects [Georges Bank (Sissenwine et al. 1984), Northwest Pacific (Laevastu 1995), etc.] to address this need. This response has led to a range ...
... management. By the 1980s, responding to the need for EBFM, the National Marine Fisheries Service initiated several large-scale data collection and modeling projects [Georges Bank (Sissenwine et al. 1984), Northwest Pacific (Laevastu 1995), etc.] to address this need. This response has led to a range ...
Shelter selection in the Amazonian zebra pleco - Ainfo
... Hypancistrus zebra is not random, however, lack of agreement in observations of the same fish (Table 1) indicate that selection is sufficiently amenable to allow alternative materials for shelter use. Nevertheless, the nature of the material can significantly affect acceptance, and although often describ ...
... Hypancistrus zebra is not random, however, lack of agreement in observations of the same fish (Table 1) indicate that selection is sufficiently amenable to allow alternative materials for shelter use. Nevertheless, the nature of the material can significantly affect acceptance, and although often describ ...
Using Stream Leaf Packs to Explore Community Assembly
... During the second lab session, students use their collected leaves to make artificial leaf packs and travel to a stream to install them. During the third session (2-4 weeks after the second session), students return to the stream to retrieve their leaf packs. They take the leaf packs back to their l ...
... During the second lab session, students use their collected leaves to make artificial leaf packs and travel to a stream to install them. During the third session (2-4 weeks after the second session), students return to the stream to retrieve their leaf packs. They take the leaf packs back to their l ...
Chapter 55
... • To estimate current extinction rates and predict how they might change in the near future, biologists use two approaches: ...
... • To estimate current extinction rates and predict how they might change in the near future, biologists use two approaches: ...
Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a
... kill data) impala emerged as the most common prey species for cheetahs (males 70·7%, females 64·6%), wild dogs (67%), leopards (males 47·1%, females 48%) and female lions (40%). Warthog was the second most common prey species taken by female lions (11%), male leopards (11%) and male cheetahs (7%), w ...
... kill data) impala emerged as the most common prey species for cheetahs (males 70·7%, females 64·6%), wild dogs (67%), leopards (males 47·1%, females 48%) and female lions (40%). Warthog was the second most common prey species taken by female lions (11%), male leopards (11%) and male cheetahs (7%), w ...
Speciesspecific responses of foliar nutrients to longterm nitrogen
... (Hach Ltd., Loveland, CO, USA). The efficiency of leaf nutrient resorption was calculated as ((leaf [mg g 1] litter [mg g 1])/leaf [mg g 1]) 9 100 (Killingbeck 1996). Because it has been established that leaf mass loss resulting from carbon resorption during senescence can lead to substantial underes ...
... (Hach Ltd., Loveland, CO, USA). The efficiency of leaf nutrient resorption was calculated as ((leaf [mg g 1] litter [mg g 1])/leaf [mg g 1]) 9 100 (Killingbeck 1996). Because it has been established that leaf mass loss resulting from carbon resorption during senescence can lead to substantial underes ...
Protozoologica
... (the capture of functional and relatively long lasting plastids from ingested prey) is more widely documented in marine ciliates (e.g. Haberlandt 2012, Lindholm and Mork 1989, Stoecker et al. 2009), thus reducing their dependence entirely on autotrophic prey as a source of carbon nutrition. The pre ...
... (the capture of functional and relatively long lasting plastids from ingested prey) is more widely documented in marine ciliates (e.g. Haberlandt 2012, Lindholm and Mork 1989, Stoecker et al. 2009), thus reducing their dependence entirely on autotrophic prey as a source of carbon nutrition. The pre ...
Tree genotype mediates covariance among communities from
... correlations between communities (i.e. community–genetic correlations). This approach identified concomitant shifts in the composition of two communities among a set of tree genotypes, where, when significant, increasing dissimilarity among tree genotypes in one community was associated with a similar ...
... correlations between communities (i.e. community–genetic correlations). This approach identified concomitant shifts in the composition of two communities among a set of tree genotypes, where, when significant, increasing dissimilarity among tree genotypes in one community was associated with a similar ...
The impacts of fishing on marine birds
... fish species, 90% of the commercial catch is taken by this gear (Bjordal and Løkkeborg, 1996). Pelagic long-lining concentrates on tuna (Thunnus spp.), broadbilled swordfish (Xiphias gladius), tuna-like fishes, and sharks, in tropical and temperate seas. Demersal long-lining, which can be either com ...
... fish species, 90% of the commercial catch is taken by this gear (Bjordal and Løkkeborg, 1996). Pelagic long-lining concentrates on tuna (Thunnus spp.), broadbilled swordfish (Xiphias gladius), tuna-like fishes, and sharks, in tropical and temperate seas. Demersal long-lining, which can be either com ...
Living on the Edge of Two Changing Worlds: Forecasting the
... experience at specific times. Moreover, climatic variables are often grouped over large spatial scales into climatic indices, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which tend not only to lump multiple environmental variables, but also tends to smoot ...
... experience at specific times. Moreover, climatic variables are often grouped over large spatial scales into climatic indices, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which tend not only to lump multiple environmental variables, but also tends to smoot ...
Optimization and Control of Agent
... and faithful representation of local characteristics that generate global dynamics. The principal method of analysis for ABMs remains extensive simulation. As these models grow larger and more complex, even simulation quickly reaches computational limits. The purpose of this article is to discuss ho ...
... and faithful representation of local characteristics that generate global dynamics. The principal method of analysis for ABMs remains extensive simulation. As these models grow larger and more complex, even simulation quickly reaches computational limits. The purpose of this article is to discuss ho ...
Animal personality due to social niche specialisation
... we list examples suggesting that social interaction resulting from competition can cause a lasting modification of behavioural traits due to social character displacement. In addition to the costs of conflict, switching to a different niche can require changes in physiology and behaviour of the indi ...
... we list examples suggesting that social interaction resulting from competition can cause a lasting modification of behavioural traits due to social character displacement. In addition to the costs of conflict, switching to a different niche can require changes in physiology and behaviour of the indi ...
Seeing Cooperation or Competition
... Canonical models treat negative interactions (e.g., competition, predation) as the “building blocks” of ecosystems (e.g., Holt & Polis, 1997, p. 745), and competition is the default assumption in many relationships between species (Minta, Minta, & Lott, 1992; Palomares & Caro, 1999). Competition has ...
... Canonical models treat negative interactions (e.g., competition, predation) as the “building blocks” of ecosystems (e.g., Holt & Polis, 1997, p. 745), and competition is the default assumption in many relationships between species (Minta, Minta, & Lott, 1992; Palomares & Caro, 1999). Competition has ...
photic zone
... Biomes provide an introduction to the diversity of life on Earth. They are a convenient unit for modelers simulating the effects of climate change and effects of biota on the climate system. Plant growth forms are good indicators of the physical environment, reflecting climatic zones and rates ...
... Biomes provide an introduction to the diversity of life on Earth. They are a convenient unit for modelers simulating the effects of climate change and effects of biota on the climate system. Plant growth forms are good indicators of the physical environment, reflecting climatic zones and rates ...
Animal personality due to social niche specialisation
... we list examples suggesting that social interaction resulting from competition can cause a lasting modification of behavioural traits due to social character displacement. In addition to the costs of conflict, switching to a different niche can require changes in physiology and behaviour of the indi ...
... we list examples suggesting that social interaction resulting from competition can cause a lasting modification of behavioural traits due to social character displacement. In addition to the costs of conflict, switching to a different niche can require changes in physiology and behaviour of the indi ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.