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Artifact 1
... protons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction equivalents to generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. To move NADH from the cytosol ...
... protons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction equivalents to generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. To move NADH from the cytosol ...
The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family
... velopment and in the adult chicken RPE [38]. These data imply regulation of MCT3 expression during development through the control of different promoters. Most recently, by searching the dbEST for fragments of MCTlike sequences, we identified four new potential members of the MCT family which were s ...
... velopment and in the adult chicken RPE [38]. These data imply regulation of MCT3 expression during development through the control of different promoters. Most recently, by searching the dbEST for fragments of MCTlike sequences, we identified four new potential members of the MCT family which were s ...
GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLYCOLYSIS IN MUSCLE
... a complex pattern to form cellulose for structural purposes, but humans lack the enzymes necessary to digest this glucose polymer. There are numerous dietary sources of glucose, including starches, such as rice, pasta, and potatoes, and dietary sugars, such as granulated sugar and brown sugar. Most ...
... a complex pattern to form cellulose for structural purposes, but humans lack the enzymes necessary to digest this glucose polymer. There are numerous dietary sources of glucose, including starches, such as rice, pasta, and potatoes, and dietary sugars, such as granulated sugar and brown sugar. Most ...
CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... the muscle causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Thus, during exercise the citric acid cycle will be maximally stimulated in muscle. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is summarized below. ...
... the muscle causes an increase in intracellular calcium levels. Thus, during exercise the citric acid cycle will be maximally stimulated in muscle. The regulation of the citric acid cycle is summarized below. ...
lecture notes-metabolism pathways-complete notes
... • Under aerobic conditions • Taking place - in mitochondria in eucaryotes - associated with membrane-bound enzymes in procaryotes • Pyruvate produced in glycolysis (EMP) pathway transfer its reducing power to NAD+. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html ...
... • Under aerobic conditions • Taking place - in mitochondria in eucaryotes - associated with membrane-bound enzymes in procaryotes • Pyruvate produced in glycolysis (EMP) pathway transfer its reducing power to NAD+. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html ...
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
... Physical properties. Table 1 provides a summary of the known properties of lactic acid that have relevance to its functions in cellular metabolism. Work on identifying the chemical and physical properties of lactic acid were complicated by the tendency of solutions of lactic acid to form intermolecu ...
... Physical properties. Table 1 provides a summary of the known properties of lactic acid that have relevance to its functions in cellular metabolism. Work on identifying the chemical and physical properties of lactic acid were complicated by the tendency of solutions of lactic acid to form intermolecu ...
Purification and characterization of the 1-3
... coenzymes were determined at 37°C with potassium carbonate buffer (pH 9.7 for the oxidative reactions and pH 9.1 for the reductive reactions). They were determined from the results of experiments in which a fixed concentration of the substrate or coenzyme and an appropriate range of concentrations o ...
... coenzymes were determined at 37°C with potassium carbonate buffer (pH 9.7 for the oxidative reactions and pH 9.1 for the reductive reactions). They were determined from the results of experiments in which a fixed concentration of the substrate or coenzyme and an appropriate range of concentrations o ...
When muscular work starts, the adrenal medulla secretes a
... In step 6, coenzyme NAD+ has been reduced to NADH. Enzyme cannot function again if the coenzyme is not converted back to NAD+, so glycolysis cannot happen again. In the presence of oxygen H:- is transferred to the respiratory chain and NAD+ is regenerated for another run of glycolysis series. When t ...
... In step 6, coenzyme NAD+ has been reduced to NADH. Enzyme cannot function again if the coenzyme is not converted back to NAD+, so glycolysis cannot happen again. In the presence of oxygen H:- is transferred to the respiratory chain and NAD+ is regenerated for another run of glycolysis series. When t ...
Chapter 15 Review Worksheet and Key
... The release of NH4+ from amino acids commonly requires two reactions. The first is transamination, wherein an amino group from an amino acid is transferred to an α-keto acid. The second is oxidative deamination, wherein the amino group is replaced by a carbonyl group. The amino group is released as ...
... The release of NH4+ from amino acids commonly requires two reactions. The first is transamination, wherein an amino group from an amino acid is transferred to an α-keto acid. The second is oxidative deamination, wherein the amino group is replaced by a carbonyl group. The amino group is released as ...
"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... intermediate. In yeast, pyruvate is cleaved to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. The acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. In muscle tissue and in lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus), pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Other microorganisms that us ...
... intermediate. In yeast, pyruvate is cleaved to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. The acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. In muscle tissue and in lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus), pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Other microorganisms that us ...
Facultative Anaerobiosis in the Invertebrates: Pathways and Control
... Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 SYNOPSIS. An increasing number of the invertebrates studied have been found to rely on an anaerobic energy metabolism during at least one stage in their development. Some of the bivalve mollusks, and particularly a relatively ...
... Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 SYNOPSIS. An increasing number of the invertebrates studied have been found to rely on an anaerobic energy metabolism during at least one stage in their development. Some of the bivalve mollusks, and particularly a relatively ...
A comparative study of glycolysis in red and white muscles of the
... which have relatively few mitochondria and wbich rely on anaerobic metabolism for their energy supply (Love, 1970; Bilinski, 1975). A third type of fibre only occurs in very small numbers in the rainbow trout (Johnston, Davison & Goldspink, 1975a) but constitutes around 10% of the muscle bulk in the ...
... which have relatively few mitochondria and wbich rely on anaerobic metabolism for their energy supply (Love, 1970; Bilinski, 1975). A third type of fibre only occurs in very small numbers in the rainbow trout (Johnston, Davison & Goldspink, 1975a) but constitutes around 10% of the muscle bulk in the ...
4 Dr. M. Alzaharna 2016 Dr. M. Alzaharna 2016 II. REACTIONS OF
... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
Role of N-terminal protein formylation in central metabolic processes
... in addition to reduced fermentative pyruvate reduction a lower pyruvate oxidation rate may contribute to increased pyruvate accumulation in the mutant. In agreement with these findings Δfmt was found to have a higher molecular NAD+/NADH ratio compared to the wild-type strain (37.5 vs. 22.0, respecti ...
... in addition to reduced fermentative pyruvate reduction a lower pyruvate oxidation rate may contribute to increased pyruvate accumulation in the mutant. In agreement with these findings Δfmt was found to have a higher molecular NAD+/NADH ratio compared to the wild-type strain (37.5 vs. 22.0, respecti ...
Mark scheme Outline the process of glycolysis. (5 marks) occurs in
... large surface area gives more space for electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation inner membrane contains ATP synthetase / ATPase / stalked particles that make ATP (narrow) gap between inner and outer membranes / inter-membrane space ( must be stated or labeled) pH / H+ / proton concentra ...
... large surface area gives more space for electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation inner membrane contains ATP synthetase / ATPase / stalked particles that make ATP (narrow) gap between inner and outer membranes / inter-membrane space ( must be stated or labeled) pH / H+ / proton concentra ...
TCA
... Production of acetyl-CoA (e.g., during glycolysis and the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
... Production of acetyl-CoA (e.g., during glycolysis and the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
Respiration and Fermentation
... b. 2 ATP are used to prepare pyruvate for Krebs Cycle. c. on average, 2 ATP are lost due to spontaneous breakdown. d. 2 ATP were used to activate the glucose in order to start glycolysis. 37. The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is a crucial step of glycolysis because a. it converts the molec ...
... b. 2 ATP are used to prepare pyruvate for Krebs Cycle. c. on average, 2 ATP are lost due to spontaneous breakdown. d. 2 ATP were used to activate the glucose in order to start glycolysis. 37. The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is a crucial step of glycolysis because a. it converts the molec ...
lecture11&12-RS_Major Metabolic Pathways of
... Glucose uptake from blood Blood & cells (either direction) Fructose transport ...
... Glucose uptake from blood Blood & cells (either direction) Fructose transport ...
Glycolysis is the major oxidative pathway for glucose
... Glucose uptake from blood Blood & cells (either direction) Fructose transport ...
... Glucose uptake from blood Blood & cells (either direction) Fructose transport ...
Appendix B HISS Codes for Metabolic Investigations
... Suitable samples for more wide ranging investigations MUST be collected in the acute phase, if the diagnostic window is not to be missed. When further samples, e.g. hypoglycaemia investigations, are collected during the acute presentation, it is essential that any necessary acute pre-analytical hand ...
... Suitable samples for more wide ranging investigations MUST be collected in the acute phase, if the diagnostic window is not to be missed. When further samples, e.g. hypoglycaemia investigations, are collected during the acute presentation, it is essential that any necessary acute pre-analytical hand ...
The Effect of Alkaline pH on Growth and Metabolic
... (Difco), 3.7; glucose, 5 ; NaCl, 2.5; Na,CO,, 5.3. The N a 2 C0 3was prepared as for Medium 1, and the glucose was added in the form of a 20% (w/v) solution which had been sterilized by filtration through a cellulose acetate filter (0.22 pm pore size, Millipore). Appropriate volumes of these solutio ...
... (Difco), 3.7; glucose, 5 ; NaCl, 2.5; Na,CO,, 5.3. The N a 2 C0 3was prepared as for Medium 1, and the glucose was added in the form of a 20% (w/v) solution which had been sterilized by filtration through a cellulose acetate filter (0.22 pm pore size, Millipore). Appropriate volumes of these solutio ...
Gluconeogenesis - Assignment Point
... into pyruvate.and this proceed though what is essentially the reverse of glycosis(except for a few committed steps). 3 and 4-carbon substrates can enter the gluconeogenesis pathway. Lactate from anaerobic exercise in skeletal muscle is easily converted to pyruvate; this happens as part of the Cori ...
... into pyruvate.and this proceed though what is essentially the reverse of glycosis(except for a few committed steps). 3 and 4-carbon substrates can enter the gluconeogenesis pathway. Lactate from anaerobic exercise in skeletal muscle is easily converted to pyruvate; this happens as part of the Cori ...
Chapter 13 - TCA Cycle
... The inner membrane contains a transporter to move pyruvate into the matrix. ...
... The inner membrane contains a transporter to move pyruvate into the matrix. ...
File
... Pyruvate. Products of Glycolysis: 1. Net gain of 2 ATP (2 “spent”, 4 made) 2. NADH 3. 2 Pyruvate ...
... Pyruvate. Products of Glycolysis: 1. Net gain of 2 ATP (2 “spent”, 4 made) 2. NADH 3. 2 Pyruvate ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Reaction_catalyzed_by_lactate_dehydrogenase.png?width=300)
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.