Specialised training
... D. Competitive phase – refinement of skills/ maintenance of fitness levels/quality rather than quantity/relevant examples of training modifications E. Tapering/peaking – preparation for specific competition/mainly skill focus F. Transition phase – active rest/out of season recovery period ...
... D. Competitive phase – refinement of skills/ maintenance of fitness levels/quality rather than quantity/relevant examples of training modifications E. Tapering/peaking – preparation for specific competition/mainly skill focus F. Transition phase – active rest/out of season recovery period ...
chap18 oxidative phosphorylation
... Oxidative pphosphorylation produces 30 of the 32 molecules of ATP that are formed when glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The process is conceptually easy but mechanistically very difficult. The electron flow from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen through protein complexes leads to pumping of protons outsid ...
... Oxidative pphosphorylation produces 30 of the 32 molecules of ATP that are formed when glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The process is conceptually easy but mechanistically very difficult. The electron flow from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen through protein complexes leads to pumping of protons outsid ...
StangBio
... Where did the glucose come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed ...
... Where did the glucose come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed ...
Novel physiological and metabolic insights into the beneficial
... due to its critical roles in the recovery of energy from undigested food, immune regulation and colonization resistance against pathogens. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most abundant gut microbes, representing about 20% of the total faecal microbiota in healthy individuals 1. Recently, ...
... due to its critical roles in the recovery of energy from undigested food, immune regulation and colonization resistance against pathogens. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most abundant gut microbes, representing about 20% of the total faecal microbiota in healthy individuals 1. Recently, ...
As a PDF file
... In the first part, either the ldhD and ldhL genes, or ldhD alone, were inactivated using gene replacement techniques from a Lactobacillus fermentum strain known to be an efficient mannitol producer. With these gene inactivations two L. fermentum mutant strains were constructed, which produce mannito ...
... In the first part, either the ldhD and ldhL genes, or ldhD alone, were inactivated using gene replacement techniques from a Lactobacillus fermentum strain known to be an efficient mannitol producer. With these gene inactivations two L. fermentum mutant strains were constructed, which produce mannito ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
... role of Fructose 2,6-P in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. 2. 3 key sites for the regulation of gluconeogenesis (their activation). 3. The signal pathway for the activation of glycogen degradation by glucagon. 4. Main regulators of glycogen degradation in liver and muscle. 5. Pathwa ...
... role of Fructose 2,6-P in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. 2. 3 key sites for the regulation of gluconeogenesis (their activation). 3. The signal pathway for the activation of glycogen degradation by glucagon. 4. Main regulators of glycogen degradation in liver and muscle. 5. Pathwa ...
File
... A) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation B) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, against the ...
... A) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation B) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, against the ...
Production of lactic acid using a new homofermentative
... such as acetate and formate, were produced in quantities of less than 4% in the 1st phase and less than 0.6% in the 2nd phase (Table 4). Analysis of the carbon material balance revealed that 101.16% of glucose carbon was recovered in phase 1 (0–12 h) and 98.9% in phase 2 (12–24 h). In phase 1, 87.9% ...
... such as acetate and formate, were produced in quantities of less than 4% in the 1st phase and less than 0.6% in the 2nd phase (Table 4). Analysis of the carbon material balance revealed that 101.16% of glucose carbon was recovered in phase 1 (0–12 h) and 98.9% in phase 2 (12–24 h). In phase 1, 87.9% ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
... Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP Two carbon, acetyl CoA + 4 carbon, Oxaloacetate = 6 carbon tricarboxylic ac ...
... Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP Two carbon, acetyl CoA + 4 carbon, Oxaloacetate = 6 carbon tricarboxylic ac ...
Chapter 9
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP =2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentatio ...
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP =2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentatio ...
Cellular respiration
... from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, two processes can occur, aerobic or anaerobic respiration. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the ...
... from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, two processes can occur, aerobic or anaerobic respiration. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the ...
Chemical Energy Production
... starvation it adjusts metabolic processes to more efficiently absorb and store food when it is available ...
... starvation it adjusts metabolic processes to more efficiently absorb and store food when it is available ...
Kinetic and Regulatory Properties of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase from
... for pyruvate, NAD@,and C0A. The apparent Km values as derived from Lineweaver-Burk plots are similar to those of PDH's from nontumorous tissues determined under the same conditions (see Table 3). No attempt was made to study the Mg2@dependency, since the enzyme was unstable upon removal of Mg2t As m ...
... for pyruvate, NAD@,and C0A. The apparent Km values as derived from Lineweaver-Burk plots are similar to those of PDH's from nontumorous tissues determined under the same conditions (see Table 3). No attempt was made to study the Mg2@dependency, since the enzyme was unstable upon removal of Mg2t As m ...
Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae
... of lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh; Clark, 1989; Figure 1). Alternatively, pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) can be converted to a C4 intermediate of the TCA cycle by the catalytic addition of CO2 (Clark, 1989; Figure 1). In some cases, malic enzymes can carboxylate pyruvate forming malate, while pho ...
... of lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh; Clark, 1989; Figure 1). Alternatively, pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) can be converted to a C4 intermediate of the TCA cycle by the catalytic addition of CO2 (Clark, 1989; Figure 1). In some cases, malic enzymes can carboxylate pyruvate forming malate, while pho ...
Chapter 5
... with most muscles: the lactate is carried by the blood from the muscle cells to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose. Thus, although lactate is formed at high rates when muscles are overworked and become fatigued, it is not directly the cause of muscle fatigue. As oxygen availability cann ...
... with most muscles: the lactate is carried by the blood from the muscle cells to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose. Thus, although lactate is formed at high rates when muscles are overworked and become fatigued, it is not directly the cause of muscle fatigue. As oxygen availability cann ...
cell respiration
... completed (or started in some organisms). A cell can continue doing glycolysis in the absence of oxygen to produce some ATP, BUT it must regenerate NAD to keep glycolysis going. ...
... completed (or started in some organisms). A cell can continue doing glycolysis in the absence of oxygen to produce some ATP, BUT it must regenerate NAD to keep glycolysis going. ...
General theory of enzyme action, by Leonor Michaelis and Maud
... serine residues, only one, serine 195, was modified, resulting in a total loss of enzyme activity. This chemical modification reaction suggested that this unusually reactive serine residue plays a central role in the catalytic mechanism of chymotrypsin. ...
... serine residues, only one, serine 195, was modified, resulting in a total loss of enzyme activity. This chemical modification reaction suggested that this unusually reactive serine residue plays a central role in the catalytic mechanism of chymotrypsin. ...
Muscle glycogenoses: an overview
... (rhabdomyolysis) and myoglobinuria; or (ii) chronic subacute weakness (Fig. 2). Focusing our attention on the glycogenoses, all defects associated with the former syndrome involve glycogen breakdown or glycolysis and are triggered by exercise, whereas the latter syndrome is associated with defects i ...
... (rhabdomyolysis) and myoglobinuria; or (ii) chronic subacute weakness (Fig. 2). Focusing our attention on the glycogenoses, all defects associated with the former syndrome involve glycogen breakdown or glycolysis and are triggered by exercise, whereas the latter syndrome is associated with defects i ...
Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... H+ ions must move back from a higher lower concentration Only return to inner compartment through ATP synthases, “gates of the dam” As they move through, activate ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi This process is called Chemiosmosis (ATP production linked to H+ gradient) ...
... H+ ions must move back from a higher lower concentration Only return to inner compartment through ATP synthases, “gates of the dam” As they move through, activate ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi This process is called Chemiosmosis (ATP production linked to H+ gradient) ...
Dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... show the presence, in cultured pig kidney cells, of initial cytoplasmic translation products that are larger than the mature proteins (Hunter & Lindsay, 1986). The E3 component is synthesized as a polypeptide 10-20 amino acids larger than the mature protein. The primary structure, derived from the L ...
... show the presence, in cultured pig kidney cells, of initial cytoplasmic translation products that are larger than the mature proteins (Hunter & Lindsay, 1986). The E3 component is synthesized as a polypeptide 10-20 amino acids larger than the mature protein. The primary structure, derived from the L ...
Dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... show the presence, in cultured pig kidney cells, of initial cytoplasmic translation products that are larger than the mature proteins (Hunter & Lindsay, 1986). The E3 component is synthesized as a polypeptide 10-20 amino acids larger than the mature protein. The primary structure, derived from the L ...
... show the presence, in cultured pig kidney cells, of initial cytoplasmic translation products that are larger than the mature proteins (Hunter & Lindsay, 1986). The E3 component is synthesized as a polypeptide 10-20 amino acids larger than the mature protein. The primary structure, derived from the L ...
Lecture Fermentation
... • Grow very fast if sufficient glucose is present • Double numbers within 20 min (up to 109/ml) Produce lactic acid • Lactobacillus ruminis & L. vitulinus also produce some lactic acid Methanobacter ruminantium in rumen (2 x 108/ml) • Sensitive to pH below 6.0 • Have no capacity to utilize more H+ • ...
... • Grow very fast if sufficient glucose is present • Double numbers within 20 min (up to 109/ml) Produce lactic acid • Lactobacillus ruminis & L. vitulinus also produce some lactic acid Methanobacter ruminantium in rumen (2 x 108/ml) • Sensitive to pH below 6.0 • Have no capacity to utilize more H+ • ...
The monocarboxylate transporter family
... SLC16/MCT family with details of the chromosomal location and gene structure of the human MCTs is in (2). The accompanying article will review the metabolic roles and regulation of members of the MCT family (8). ...
... SLC16/MCT family with details of the chromosomal location and gene structure of the human MCTs is in (2). The accompanying article will review the metabolic roles and regulation of members of the MCT family (8). ...
Biosynthesis of glucose – gluconeogenesis
... Bypass I: Pyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate The first step in gluconeogenesis is the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate at the expense of a molecule of ATP. Enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is present only in mitochondria. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria from cytoplasm; the part of py ...
... Bypass I: Pyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate The first step in gluconeogenesis is the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate at the expense of a molecule of ATP. Enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is present only in mitochondria. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria from cytoplasm; the part of py ...
Name
... When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glyco ...
... When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glyco ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.