Medical Biochemistry Review #2 By
... – Under resting conditions, with a high cell energy charge, the demand for new synthesis of ATP is limited and, although the Proton Motive Force is high, flow of protons back into the mitochondria through ATP synthetase is minimal. When energy demands are increased, such as during vigorous muscle ac ...
... – Under resting conditions, with a high cell energy charge, the demand for new synthesis of ATP is limited and, although the Proton Motive Force is high, flow of protons back into the mitochondria through ATP synthetase is minimal. When energy demands are increased, such as during vigorous muscle ac ...
Lactate as a Metabolite and a Regulator in the Central Nervous
... effect was noticed for the aerobic accumulation of LA [6]. These observations suggested that neuronal activity needs to be coupled to an efficient uptake of oxygen and metabolites from the circulation, and that the blood flow itself should be modulated locally in response to variations of neuronal a ...
... effect was noticed for the aerobic accumulation of LA [6]. These observations suggested that neuronal activity needs to be coupled to an efficient uptake of oxygen and metabolites from the circulation, and that the blood flow itself should be modulated locally in response to variations of neuronal a ...
Slide 1
... Insulin, which rises subsequent to eating, stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon, which rises during starvation, inhibits the expression of these enzymes and stimulates the production of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase. Transc ...
... Insulin, which rises subsequent to eating, stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon, which rises during starvation, inhibits the expression of these enzymes and stimulates the production of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase. Transc ...
The Citric acid cycle
... NADPH is needed for glutathione reductase Reduced glutathione is needed for glutathione peroxidase, which destroy hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. This enzyme requires selenium as a cofactor. ...
... NADPH is needed for glutathione reductase Reduced glutathione is needed for glutathione peroxidase, which destroy hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. This enzyme requires selenium as a cofactor. ...
Cellular respiration
... skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenera ...
... skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenera ...
CITRIN DEFICIENCY
... clotting factors, hemolytic anemia and/or hypoglycemia. Equinocitosis (red blood cells with short spicules evenly distributed over the entire surface) is present in a group of children with more severe biochemical alterations. Although NICCD form is usually not severe and the symptoms are generally ...
... clotting factors, hemolytic anemia and/or hypoglycemia. Equinocitosis (red blood cells with short spicules evenly distributed over the entire surface) is present in a group of children with more severe biochemical alterations. Although NICCD form is usually not severe and the symptoms are generally ...
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex in Cancer
... mitochondrial demand. Elevations of these ratios are strong allosteric activators of PDKs, ...
... mitochondrial demand. Elevations of these ratios are strong allosteric activators of PDKs, ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
Cell Respiration
... Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) If O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria Enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO2 ...
... Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) If O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria Enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO2 ...
Kinetic Properties of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in
... d e h y d r o g e n a s e . Indeed, it has been reported that rat stomach slices can oxidize ['4C]ethanol to '4CO,~ (4). The availability of NAD ~, m i t o c h o n d r i a l activity, and the capacity of substrate shuttles may all represent rate-limiting factors for the oxidation of ethanol in the s ...
... d e h y d r o g e n a s e . Indeed, it has been reported that rat stomach slices can oxidize ['4C]ethanol to '4CO,~ (4). The availability of NAD ~, m i t o c h o n d r i a l activity, and the capacity of substrate shuttles may all represent rate-limiting factors for the oxidation of ethanol in the s ...
Sustained nonoxidative glucose utilization and depletion of
... group (75%) than in the control dogs (33%). The activity of the nonoxidative glycolytic pathway was markedly increased in the ischemically injured reperfused area, as evidenced by the four times greater lactate release in this area compared with the control value. The dual carbonlabeled isotopes sho ...
... group (75%) than in the control dogs (33%). The activity of the nonoxidative glycolytic pathway was markedly increased in the ischemically injured reperfused area, as evidenced by the four times greater lactate release in this area compared with the control value. The dual carbonlabeled isotopes sho ...
Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 in Regulation of Blood
... of this FFA is recycled within adipose tissue by re-esterification with glycerol 3-phosphate. Since insulin levels are low, glucose is not available for synthesis of glycerol 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate therefore must be generated either by “glyceroneogenesis” from pyruvate, lactate, or alanin ...
... of this FFA is recycled within adipose tissue by re-esterification with glycerol 3-phosphate. Since insulin levels are low, glucose is not available for synthesis of glycerol 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate therefore must be generated either by “glyceroneogenesis” from pyruvate, lactate, or alanin ...
AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 121516
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
... • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentati ...
Glucose
... To ensure a readily available supply, liver and muscle cells store carbohydrate as glycogen . Glycogen is stored hydrated with water; thus the water makes glycogen large, cumbersome, and unsuitable for long-term energy storage. The 70-kg "average" man stores only an IS-hour fuel supply as glycogen, ...
... To ensure a readily available supply, liver and muscle cells store carbohydrate as glycogen . Glycogen is stored hydrated with water; thus the water makes glycogen large, cumbersome, and unsuitable for long-term energy storage. The 70-kg "average" man stores only an IS-hour fuel supply as glycogen, ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... concentration, progressive increases in glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate and decreases in pyruvate and lactate. During this time the levels of amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates did not change, except for a small fall in malate at 60s. The results indicate that there was a decreas ...
... concentration, progressive increases in glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate and decreases in pyruvate and lactate. During this time the levels of amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates did not change, except for a small fall in malate at 60s. The results indicate that there was a decreas ...
(TCA) cycle
... (1) Facultative anaerobes do not synthesize 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions without alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. (2) In G(-) bacteria (Escherichia coli), the regulatory proteins FNR and Arc regulate the transcription of many genes for aerobic and anaerobic ...
... (1) Facultative anaerobes do not synthesize 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions without alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. (2) In G(-) bacteria (Escherichia coli), the regulatory proteins FNR and Arc regulate the transcription of many genes for aerobic and anaerobic ...
Colon cancer cells maintain low levels of pyruvate to avoid cell
... DNMT3b (Figure 2B). These data demonstrate for the first time the involvement of specific DNMTs in the silencing of LDH-B in cancer cells. We then correlated the intracellular levels of pyruvate in HCT116 cells with the expression of LDH-B (Figure 2C). In the double knockout cell line (DKO), in whic ...
... DNMT3b (Figure 2B). These data demonstrate for the first time the involvement of specific DNMTs in the silencing of LDH-B in cancer cells. We then correlated the intracellular levels of pyruvate in HCT116 cells with the expression of LDH-B (Figure 2C). In the double knockout cell line (DKO), in whic ...
Thermal selection in Sceloporus occidentalis during exercise recovery
... metabolic processes, ectotherms must sustain exercise by generating adenosine-5’triphosphate (ATP; Randall et al. 2002). To do this, glucose that is stored in the animal’s muscle and liver cells as glycogen is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis. This process converts NAD+ to NADH. However, th ...
... metabolic processes, ectotherms must sustain exercise by generating adenosine-5’triphosphate (ATP; Randall et al. 2002). To do this, glucose that is stored in the animal’s muscle and liver cells as glycogen is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis. This process converts NAD+ to NADH. However, th ...
normal myocardial metabolism: fueling cardiac contraction
... and the orchestrated metabolism of multiple substrate oxidation to generate sufficient ATP under varied physiologic conditions. In the actively pumping heart, the rate of ATP hydrolysis must match the rate of ATP resynthesis. The focus in this review has been on the metabolic pathways that generate ...
... and the orchestrated metabolism of multiple substrate oxidation to generate sufficient ATP under varied physiologic conditions. In the actively pumping heart, the rate of ATP hydrolysis must match the rate of ATP resynthesis. The focus in this review has been on the metabolic pathways that generate ...
video slide - Knappology
... Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in aerobic or anaerobic conditions It is the ETC that requires oxygen (without it the e- are not pulled down the series of proteins and chemiosmosis fails) Glycolysis can couple with fermentation to produce ATP ...
... Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in aerobic or anaerobic conditions It is the ETC that requires oxygen (without it the e- are not pulled down the series of proteins and chemiosmosis fails) Glycolysis can couple with fermentation to produce ATP ...
Pyruvate Assay Kit - Cell Biolabs, Inc.
... Pyruvate, the conjugate base of pyruvic acid, is an alpha-keto acid that serves as a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways. Pyruvate can be synthesized from glucose through the glycolytic pathway and converted back to carbohydrates through gluconeogenesis. Pyruvate can be converted to fatty ...
... Pyruvate, the conjugate base of pyruvic acid, is an alpha-keto acid that serves as a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways. Pyruvate can be synthesized from glucose through the glycolytic pathway and converted back to carbohydrates through gluconeogenesis. Pyruvate can be converted to fatty ...
THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION SAGA II: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... cellular respiration. Include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation (2pts) . 2. Rate your understanding. Be honest. (1pt) A) Easy money, I totally get it! B) I get the idea but the details are still a tad fuzzy. C) This was hard, I should prob ...
... cellular respiration. Include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation (2pts) . 2. Rate your understanding. Be honest. (1pt) A) Easy money, I totally get it! B) I get the idea but the details are still a tad fuzzy. C) This was hard, I should prob ...
Synthetic biology for engineering acetyl coenzyme a
... product on glucose. As an additional complication, there is glucose repression of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity and the respiratory system, and when there is excess glucose, the majority of carbon is therefore converted into ethanol, which is obviously an undesired by-product for produ ...
... product on glucose. As an additional complication, there is glucose repression of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity and the respiratory system, and when there is excess glucose, the majority of carbon is therefore converted into ethanol, which is obviously an undesired by-product for produ ...
Reexamining cancer metabolism: lactate
... mitochondrial reticulum. Oxamate and short interfering RNA technique inhibit LDHA activity, and have been shown to be effective in inhibiting carcinogenesis (61–65). Not surprisingly, LDHA knockdown interference inhibits cancer cells proliferation (66,67). Role of glucose transport A high glycolytic ...
... mitochondrial reticulum. Oxamate and short interfering RNA technique inhibit LDHA activity, and have been shown to be effective in inhibiting carcinogenesis (61–65). Not surprisingly, LDHA knockdown interference inhibits cancer cells proliferation (66,67). Role of glucose transport A high glycolytic ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.