Answers set 7
... If fatty acid biosynthesis is the reverse of β-oxidation, a four step cycle, why is fatty acid biosynthesis a six step cycle? In most organisms, fatty acid synthase is a closely associated complex of seven catalytic centres surrounding acyl carrier protein (ACP) which carries a long pantetheine arm ...
... If fatty acid biosynthesis is the reverse of β-oxidation, a four step cycle, why is fatty acid biosynthesis a six step cycle? In most organisms, fatty acid synthase is a closely associated complex of seven catalytic centres surrounding acyl carrier protein (ACP) which carries a long pantetheine arm ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is an irreversible step in animals and thus they are unable to convert acetyl CoA back into glucose. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA commits the carbon atoms of glucose to either of two principal fates: (1) oxidation to CO2 by the citric ...
... formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is an irreversible step in animals and thus they are unable to convert acetyl CoA back into glucose. The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA commits the carbon atoms of glucose to either of two principal fates: (1) oxidation to CO2 by the citric ...
Cellular Respiration - MF011 General Biology 2 (May 2011 Semester)
... make ATP. not consume oxygen and will make ATP through glycolysis and fermentation. not consume oxygen and will make ATP only through substrate-level phosphorylation. consume less oxygen but still make some ATP through both glycolysis and respiration. ...
... make ATP. not consume oxygen and will make ATP through glycolysis and fermentation. not consume oxygen and will make ATP only through substrate-level phosphorylation. consume less oxygen but still make some ATP through both glycolysis and respiration. ...
PDF
... some striking changes in these proteins are observed in extracts of homologous organs when tadpoles and frogs of R. catesbeiana are compared (Manwell, 1966). Acid phosphatase, lipase, and N-benzoyl-arginine-naphthylamide cathepsin are distinct single electrophoretic zones which change only quantitat ...
... some striking changes in these proteins are observed in extracts of homologous organs when tadpoles and frogs of R. catesbeiana are compared (Manwell, 1966). Acid phosphatase, lipase, and N-benzoyl-arginine-naphthylamide cathepsin are distinct single electrophoretic zones which change only quantitat ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... phosphorylation, now when we will be completing TCA cycle we will just see that, how and how many molecules of NADH and FADH 2 are produced along with some byproducts. The citric acid cycle is control to all respiratory oxidation, oxidizing acetyl CoA from glucose, lipid and protein catabolism in ae ...
... phosphorylation, now when we will be completing TCA cycle we will just see that, how and how many molecules of NADH and FADH 2 are produced along with some byproducts. The citric acid cycle is control to all respiratory oxidation, oxidizing acetyl CoA from glucose, lipid and protein catabolism in ae ...
Revision Questions What is the definition of energy and what are the
... Phosphocreatine is a high energy phosphate which is found in the sarcoplasm of muscle. Potential energy is stored in the bond of this compound (Phosphocreatine P + Creatine + Energy with use of catalyst creatine kinase). Creatine kinase is activated when the level of ADP increases in the muscle ce ...
... Phosphocreatine is a high energy phosphate which is found in the sarcoplasm of muscle. Potential energy is stored in the bond of this compound (Phosphocreatine P + Creatine + Energy with use of catalyst creatine kinase). Creatine kinase is activated when the level of ADP increases in the muscle ce ...
Cellular Respiration
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
oxidation
... – involves electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, – shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, – involves chemiosmosis, and – generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
... – involves electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, – shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, – involves chemiosmosis, and – generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Flux in an Insulin-Resistant Mouse Model Philip Lee,1,2 Waifook Leong,1,3 Trish Tan,1,3 Miangkee Lim,1 Weiping Han,1,3,4 and George K. Radda1 The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin action and increased hepatic glucose production (HGP). Despite the importance of hepa ...
... Flux in an Insulin-Resistant Mouse Model Philip Lee,1,2 Waifook Leong,1,3 Trish Tan,1,3 Miangkee Lim,1 Weiping Han,1,3,4 and George K. Radda1 The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin action and increased hepatic glucose production (HGP). Despite the importance of hepa ...
biochem ch 20 [2-9
... Generation of Guanosine Triphosphate Energy from succinyl-CoA thioester bond used to generate GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in reaction catalyzed by succinate thiokinase (succinyl-CoA synthetase in reverse reaction) Reaction is example of substrate-level phosphorylation (formation o ...
... Generation of Guanosine Triphosphate Energy from succinyl-CoA thioester bond used to generate GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in reaction catalyzed by succinate thiokinase (succinyl-CoA synthetase in reverse reaction) Reaction is example of substrate-level phosphorylation (formation o ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... • Glycolysis is the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate. • Catabolic pathway during which Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces pyruvate & ATP • Follow the next few slides on pages 169 ...
... • Glycolysis is the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate. • Catabolic pathway during which Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces pyruvate & ATP • Follow the next few slides on pages 169 ...
Citric acid cycle - Issaquah Connect
... Obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in ...
... Obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in ...
Gluconeogenesis
... (a) Contributions of the various energy sources to muscle activity during mild exercise. (b) Consumption of glycogen stores in fast-twitch muscles during light, moderate, and heavy exercise. (c) Rate of glycogen replenishment following exhaustive exercise. (a and c adapted from Rhodes and Pflanzer, ...
... (a) Contributions of the various energy sources to muscle activity during mild exercise. (b) Consumption of glycogen stores in fast-twitch muscles during light, moderate, and heavy exercise. (c) Rate of glycogen replenishment following exhaustive exercise. (a and c adapted from Rhodes and Pflanzer, ...
glycolysis
... Pyruvate + CoASH acetylCoA + CO2; this leads to Krebs cycle, to fatty acid biosynthesis, and amino acids Pyruvate + CO2 oxaloacetate; this is an anapleurotic mechanism for Krebs cycle Pyruvate + NADH + H+ lactate + NAD+ Pyruvate + H+ acetaldehyde + CO2 acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ ethanol + N ...
... Pyruvate + CoASH acetylCoA + CO2; this leads to Krebs cycle, to fatty acid biosynthesis, and amino acids Pyruvate + CO2 oxaloacetate; this is an anapleurotic mechanism for Krebs cycle Pyruvate + NADH + H+ lactate + NAD+ Pyruvate + H+ acetaldehyde + CO2 acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ ethanol + N ...
PRODUCTION OF PYRUVATE AND LACTATE BY
... High costs of chemical synthesis have prevented the extensive use of pyruvate and lactate for many applications (Li et al. 2001). Fermentation processes using microorganisms have been developed to produce high concentrations of pyruvate and lactate. Metabolic engineering and traditional strategies ...
... High costs of chemical synthesis have prevented the extensive use of pyruvate and lactate for many applications (Li et al. 2001). Fermentation processes using microorganisms have been developed to produce high concentrations of pyruvate and lactate. Metabolic engineering and traditional strategies ...
... compounds indicate high energy reserves while the presence of the latter two indicate low energy reserves. Suitable examples are activation of PFK in glycolysis by ADP and its inhibition by ATP. Alternatively, most of the oxidatidative decarboxylation steps in the TCA cycle are inhibited by NADH and ...
4.6 Fermentation
... 1. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. Two NADH molecules provide the energy needed to break pyruvate into an alcohol and CO2 2. Two molecules of NAD+ are recycled back to glycolysis ...
... 1. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. Two NADH molecules provide the energy needed to break pyruvate into an alcohol and CO2 2. Two molecules of NAD+ are recycled back to glycolysis ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... accumulation of these protons in the space between the membranes creates a proton gradient with respect to the mitochondrial matrix. Also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is an amazing protein pore complex called ...
... accumulation of these protons in the space between the membranes creates a proton gradient with respect to the mitochondrial matrix. Also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is an amazing protein pore complex called ...
EXAM 1 KEY
... conclusion be if Alex's results shown elevated levels of glycogen as well as g lucose-6phosphate (instead of elevated levels of glycogen and an absence of G6P as in our original case study). Alex still has muscle cramps and cannot perform strenuous exercises. Liver function also appeared normal. Exp ...
... conclusion be if Alex's results shown elevated levels of glycogen as well as g lucose-6phosphate (instead of elevated levels of glycogen and an absence of G6P as in our original case study). Alex still has muscle cramps and cannot perform strenuous exercises. Liver function also appeared normal. Exp ...
Metabolic Responses to Cardiac Hypoxia
... oxygenated incubation medium. In hypoxic muscles, succinate production could be enhanced further when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between tran ...
... oxygenated incubation medium. In hypoxic muscles, succinate production could be enhanced further when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between tran ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... accumulation of these protons in the space between the membranes creates a proton gradient with respect to the mitochondrial matrix. Also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is an amazing protein pore complex called ...
... accumulation of these protons in the space between the membranes creates a proton gradient with respect to the mitochondrial matrix. Also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is an amazing protein pore complex called ...
16 Gluconeogenesis
... The long, flexible link between biotin and the enzyme enables the carboxybiotin to rotate from one active site of the enzyme (the ATP-bicarbonate site) to the other (the pyruvate site). The activated carboxyl group is then transferred from carboxybiotin to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. ...
... The long, flexible link between biotin and the enzyme enables the carboxybiotin to rotate from one active site of the enzyme (the ATP-bicarbonate site) to the other (the pyruvate site). The activated carboxyl group is then transferred from carboxybiotin to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. ...
19_Glycolysis, aerobic oxidation of glucose
... Stage 1, which is the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, consists of three steps: a phosphorylation, an isomerization, and a second phosphorylation reaction. ...
... Stage 1, which is the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, consists of three steps: a phosphorylation, an isomerization, and a second phosphorylation reaction. ...
ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5
... None of the above Contains phospholipase A2 catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids and formation of lysophosphoglycerides which can act as detergents and disrupt cellular membranes After meal concentration of chylomicrones in blood of the patient is increased. Chylomicrones are formed in ...
... None of the above Contains phospholipase A2 catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids and formation of lysophosphoglycerides which can act as detergents and disrupt cellular membranes After meal concentration of chylomicrones in blood of the patient is increased. Chylomicrones are formed in ...
Medical Biochemistry Review #2 By
... – Under resting conditions, with a high cell energy charge, the demand for new synthesis of ATP is limited and, although the Proton Motive Force is high, flow of protons back into the mitochondria through ATP synthetase is minimal. When energy demands are increased, such as during vigorous muscle ac ...
... – Under resting conditions, with a high cell energy charge, the demand for new synthesis of ATP is limited and, although the Proton Motive Force is high, flow of protons back into the mitochondria through ATP synthetase is minimal. When energy demands are increased, such as during vigorous muscle ac ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.