Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN
... depends on the reoxidation of NADH formed at the G3PD step (G3-P to 1,3-BPG) 1. anaerobic metabolism in muscle tissue: •during periods of vigorous excerise, muscle tissue is functioning essentially under anaerobic conditions, and the ATP is derived almost exclusively from glycolysis under these cond ...
... depends on the reoxidation of NADH formed at the G3PD step (G3-P to 1,3-BPG) 1. anaerobic metabolism in muscle tissue: •during periods of vigorous excerise, muscle tissue is functioning essentially under anaerobic conditions, and the ATP is derived almost exclusively from glycolysis under these cond ...
Bio1A - Lec 9 slides File
... to bump out inhibitor or to get in there before the inhibitor has a chance to bind ...
... to bump out inhibitor or to get in there before the inhibitor has a chance to bind ...
Cellular respiration
... oxygen is absent (continued) – Under anaerobic conditions, with no oxygen to allow the ETC to function, the cell must regenerate the NAD for glycolysis using fermentation – Under aerobic (with oxygen) conditions, NADH donates its high-energy electrons and hydrogen produced in glycolysis to ATP-gene ...
... oxygen is absent (continued) – Under anaerobic conditions, with no oxygen to allow the ETC to function, the cell must regenerate the NAD for glycolysis using fermentation – Under aerobic (with oxygen) conditions, NADH donates its high-energy electrons and hydrogen produced in glycolysis to ATP-gene ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... electron transport chain is ~2.5 ATP/ NADH. Oxidation of 2 FADH2 molecules by the electron transport chain results in only ~3 molecules of ATP (~1.5 ATP/FADH2) because of differences in where these two coenzymes enter the electron transport chain. Based on this ATP currency exchange ratio, and the o ...
... electron transport chain is ~2.5 ATP/ NADH. Oxidation of 2 FADH2 molecules by the electron transport chain results in only ~3 molecules of ATP (~1.5 ATP/FADH2) because of differences in where these two coenzymes enter the electron transport chain. Based on this ATP currency exchange ratio, and the o ...
Document
... - to ethanol (fermentation) via ethanol dehydrogenase • Aerobic pathway – through citric acid cycle and respiration; Enough O2,this pathway yields far more energy NADH + O2 NAD+ + energy Pyruvate + O2 3CO2 + energy Oxygen availability determines fate of Pyruvate ...
... - to ethanol (fermentation) via ethanol dehydrogenase • Aerobic pathway – through citric acid cycle and respiration; Enough O2,this pathway yields far more energy NADH + O2 NAD+ + energy Pyruvate + O2 3CO2 + energy Oxygen availability determines fate of Pyruvate ...
substrate specificities of octopine dehydrogenases
... only and could utilize oxaloacetate and ct-ketobutyrate as alternative substrates to replace pyruvate. Similar specificities were noted for two other bivalve species, Cerastoderma edule (Gade & Grieshaber, 1976) and the freshwater Anodonta cygnea (Gade & Grieshaber, 1975) although in neither case wa ...
... only and could utilize oxaloacetate and ct-ketobutyrate as alternative substrates to replace pyruvate. Similar specificities were noted for two other bivalve species, Cerastoderma edule (Gade & Grieshaber, 1976) and the freshwater Anodonta cygnea (Gade & Grieshaber, 1975) although in neither case wa ...
Glucose
... CoA and the fully reduced (dithiol) form of the lipoyl group. 4. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) promotes transfer of two hydrogen atoms from the reduced lipoyl groups of E2 to the FAD prosthetic group of E3, restoring the oxidized form of the lipoyllysyl group of E2. 5. The reduced FADH2 of E3 tra ...
... CoA and the fully reduced (dithiol) form of the lipoyl group. 4. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) promotes transfer of two hydrogen atoms from the reduced lipoyl groups of E2 to the FAD prosthetic group of E3, restoring the oxidized form of the lipoyllysyl group of E2. 5. The reduced FADH2 of E3 tra ...
SBT-production - Webarchiv ETHZ / Webarchive ETH
... •Glucose plus amino acids: reduction of used enzymes •Glycerol plus amino acids: deletion of two genes but flux through an undesired enzyme as well ...
... •Glucose plus amino acids: reduction of used enzymes •Glycerol plus amino acids: deletion of two genes but flux through an undesired enzyme as well ...
Cellular Respiration
... to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Interactions between lactic and propionic acid bacteria
... the casein hydrolysate added and none was produced in the absence of casein hydrolysate. Several amino acids - aspartate (initial concentration 3.6 mmol/I), serine (1.4 mmol/I), glycine (1.2 mmol/I) and alanine (1.3 mmol/I) - were utilized completely during the fermentation (fig 5). The addition of ...
... the casein hydrolysate added and none was produced in the absence of casein hydrolysate. Several amino acids - aspartate (initial concentration 3.6 mmol/I), serine (1.4 mmol/I), glycine (1.2 mmol/I) and alanine (1.3 mmol/I) - were utilized completely during the fermentation (fig 5). The addition of ...
Interactions between lactic and propionic acid bacteria
... the casein hydrolysate added and none was produced in the absence of casein hydrolysate. Several amino acids - aspartate (initial concentration 3.6 mmol/I), serine (1.4 mmol/I), glycine (1.2 mmol/I) and alanine (1.3 mmol/I) - were utilized completely during the fermentation (fig 5). The addition of ...
... the casein hydrolysate added and none was produced in the absence of casein hydrolysate. Several amino acids - aspartate (initial concentration 3.6 mmol/I), serine (1.4 mmol/I), glycine (1.2 mmol/I) and alanine (1.3 mmol/I) - were utilized completely during the fermentation (fig 5). The addition of ...
doc BIOC 311 Final Study Guide
... 2.) GLUT-2 – found in the liver and pancreatic beta cells. Low affinity, high capacity 'glucose sensor'. 3.) Glut-4 – skeletal and cardiac muscle. Insulin-responsive glucose transporter that tells cells to take up glucose. C. The Glycolytic Pathway Reactions: 1. Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate* ...
... 2.) GLUT-2 – found in the liver and pancreatic beta cells. Low affinity, high capacity 'glucose sensor'. 3.) Glut-4 – skeletal and cardiac muscle. Insulin-responsive glucose transporter that tells cells to take up glucose. C. The Glycolytic Pathway Reactions: 1. Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate* ...
HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
... place in the cytoplasm, and the ETC occurs on the cell membrane E. Anaerobic respiration Occurs in certain bacteria Has the same stages as aerobic respiration: Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Kreb’s cycle ETC However, O2 is NOT the final e- acceptor. They use another molecule as the final e- accept ...
... place in the cytoplasm, and the ETC occurs on the cell membrane E. Anaerobic respiration Occurs in certain bacteria Has the same stages as aerobic respiration: Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Kreb’s cycle ETC However, O2 is NOT the final e- acceptor. They use another molecule as the final e- accept ...
ATP - IS MU
... •energy released by their reoxidation is utilized for synthesis of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) •several high energy compounds are formed directly during the metabolism of nutrients – they provide ATP in a reaction with ADP (phosphorylation of ADP on substrate level) ...
... •energy released by their reoxidation is utilized for synthesis of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) •several high energy compounds are formed directly during the metabolism of nutrients – they provide ATP in a reaction with ADP (phosphorylation of ADP on substrate level) ...
BCHEM 253 – METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES
... nucleotide, cofactor and fatty acid required for life. For higher plants and animals there are three major metabolic fates for glucose. Nearly every living cell catabolizes glucose and other simple sugars by a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis differs from one species to another only in the deta ...
... nucleotide, cofactor and fatty acid required for life. For higher plants and animals there are three major metabolic fates for glucose. Nearly every living cell catabolizes glucose and other simple sugars by a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis differs from one species to another only in the deta ...
2007 Exam 3 1. The goal of the oxidative phase of the pentose
... What will be the most likely effect of this toxin on glycolysis in his cells? a. No effect. b. A futile cycle will develop whereby fructose 1,6-bisphosphate produced by PFK-1 will be dephosphorylated to fructose 6-phosphate. c. Glycolysis will run more quickly due to allosteric inhibition of fructos ...
... What will be the most likely effect of this toxin on glycolysis in his cells? a. No effect. b. A futile cycle will develop whereby fructose 1,6-bisphosphate produced by PFK-1 will be dephosphorylated to fructose 6-phosphate. c. Glycolysis will run more quickly due to allosteric inhibition of fructos ...
aerobic respiration
... Lactate Fermentation NADH gives e-s and H+ to pyruvate → lactate e.g. bacteria (Lactobacillus spp. and others) in ...
... Lactate Fermentation NADH gives e-s and H+ to pyruvate → lactate e.g. bacteria (Lactobacillus spp. and others) in ...
Document
... 1) Catabolic reactions 2) Coenzymes 3) Glycolysis 4) Lactate A. 4 Produced during anaerobic conditions. B. 3 Reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate. C. 1 Metabolic reactions that break down large molecules to smaller molecules + energy. D. 2 Substances that remove or add H atoms in oxidat ...
... 1) Catabolic reactions 2) Coenzymes 3) Glycolysis 4) Lactate A. 4 Produced during anaerobic conditions. B. 3 Reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate. C. 1 Metabolic reactions that break down large molecules to smaller molecules + energy. D. 2 Substances that remove or add H atoms in oxidat ...
Chapter 15 Enzymes
... • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from the N-terminal end of its chain. • Removal of this small fragment changes not only the pri ...
... • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from the N-terminal end of its chain. • Removal of this small fragment changes not only the pri ...
Chapter 15
... • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from the N-terminal end of its chain. • Removal of this small fragment changes not only the pri ...
... • An example is trypsin, a digestive enzyme. • It is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. • It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed and removed from the N-terminal end of its chain. • Removal of this small fragment changes not only the pri ...
pharmaceutical biochemistry
... the aldehyde group is conserved by formation of the acid anhydride with phosphoric acid while NAD is reduced to NADH. The active site of the enzyme contains an –SH group (Cys residue) and it can be inhibited by monoiodoacetate. Arsenate toxicity is based on this reaction as well: arsenate is structu ...
... the aldehyde group is conserved by formation of the acid anhydride with phosphoric acid while NAD is reduced to NADH. The active site of the enzyme contains an –SH group (Cys residue) and it can be inhibited by monoiodoacetate. Arsenate toxicity is based on this reaction as well: arsenate is structu ...
chapter 20 lecture (ppt file)
... its active form, usually by hydrolysis, at the active site in the cell. E. g. Pepsinogen is synthesized and transported to the stomach where it is converted to pepsin. The most common form of protein modification is addition or removal of a phosphate group. ...
... its active form, usually by hydrolysis, at the active site in the cell. E. g. Pepsinogen is synthesized and transported to the stomach where it is converted to pepsin. The most common form of protein modification is addition or removal of a phosphate group. ...
The energy-less red blood cell is lost – erythrocyte
... The moment the mature red blood cell leaves the bone marrow, it is optimally adapted to perform the binding and transport of oxygen, and its delivery to all tissues. This is the most important task of the erythrocyte during its estimated 120-day journey in the blood stream. The membrane, hemoglobin, ...
... The moment the mature red blood cell leaves the bone marrow, it is optimally adapted to perform the binding and transport of oxygen, and its delivery to all tissues. This is the most important task of the erythrocyte during its estimated 120-day journey in the blood stream. The membrane, hemoglobin, ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... converting them into maltose [a disaccharide containing two glucose molecules attached by α 1-4 linkage]. This bond is not attacked by -amylase. Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 bonds, the resulting digest contains isomaltose [a disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attach ...
... converting them into maltose [a disaccharide containing two glucose molecules attached by α 1-4 linkage]. This bond is not attacked by -amylase. Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 bonds, the resulting digest contains isomaltose [a disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attach ...
Altered Fermentative Metabolism in
... Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, often experiences hypoxic/anoxic soil conditions that activate fermentation metabolism. We isolated three Chlamydomonas mutants disrupted for the pyruvate formate lyase (PFL1) gene; the encoded PFL1 protein catalyzes a major fermentative pathway i ...
... Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, often experiences hypoxic/anoxic soil conditions that activate fermentation metabolism. We isolated three Chlamydomonas mutants disrupted for the pyruvate formate lyase (PFL1) gene; the encoded PFL1 protein catalyzes a major fermentative pathway i ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.